So, of course, many plants get the energy they need to grow from the sun. But what about inside caves? Not much sunlight in there, of course, however, we can see some plant life just inside the mouth of a cave, near the entrance, there's an area with an unusual name, an area known as the Twilight Zone. This part of the cave does get some sunlight. It's a limited amount, but it is enough light for some plants to grow. However, this little bit of light wouldn't be sufficient for the cave dwelling plants to convert enough energy to survive without some adaptations that enable them to do this. Let's talk about a couple. One adaptation these plants may have is a physical feature that allows them to take full advantage of the light that does reach them, even so weakly in The Twilight Zone, a feature that enables them to make the most of the limited light there and maximize it. The plants must be able to capture and absorb all the light possible in order to convert it into the energy they need to grow. For example, some of these plants have especially large leaves, leaves with a greater surface area so there are more cells in each leaf, more of the cells that can capture and absorb available light. Another adaptation these plants have is an ability to take advantage of light coming from only one direction, out in the open. Of course, most plants get sunlight from all directions, but for cave dwelling plants, the light that is available comes just from the cave entrance. So for example, within the cells of certain plants, there are what are called chloroplasts, which are responsible for absorbing light for the plant, and in these plants, the chloroplasts are all clustered, grouped together on the same side in each of the plant cells, the side that's toward the cave entrance, with the chloroplasts in each cell positioned toward The cave entrance, the plant is able to gather as much light as possible from that direction.
Using points and examples from the lecture explain two types of adaptations of cave dwelling plants.
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基础版
The professor discusses two adaptations that help cave plants survive with limited sunlight in the cave's twilight zone.
First, some plants have larger leaves, which provide a greater surface area to absorb more light. This allows them to maximize the little sunlight they receive.
Second, certain plants have chloroplasts clustered on one side of their cells—the side facing the cave entrance. Since light only comes from that direction, this adaptation helps them gather as much light as possible.
These adaptations enable cave plants to convert limited sunlight into enough energy for growth.
高阶版
The lecture explains two key adaptations that allow cave-dwelling plants to thrive despite minimal sunlight in the twilight zone.
First, morphological adaptation: some species evolve expanded leaf surfaces, increasing light-capturing cells. For example, larger leaves provide more photosynthetic tissue, optimizing energy absorption from faint sunlight.
Second, cellular-level adaptation: certain plants arrange chloroplasts strategically—clustering them on the side of cells facing the cave entrance. Since light enters unidirectionally, this positioning maximizes photon capture, unlike open-field plants with evenly distributed chloroplasts.
Together, these adaptations compensate for light scarcity, demonstrating how specialized traits enhance survival in extreme environments.
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