托福听力中的学术类文章怎么破？

在托福听力六大题型中，出现频率最高、几乎每篇文章(我们知道托福听力考试涉及的文章有两种：conversation和lecture)都会有的是主旨题。ETS官方对于主旨题的解释是：对话和讲座的文章主要涉及的是什么内容。

对于主旨题，学生发现它是所有题型中最简单的一道题目，可是我们如果不掌握一定的解题技巧和关键策略的话这道题同样可能丢分。所以，把握好主旨题是解题的重中之重。

1、 主旨题在原文和题目中的位置

新东方VIP老师提醒考生，首先要明确托福听力考试的一大特色就是题目顺序与文章的行文顺序相一致。所以，同学们要明确的是主旨题出现在文章的开头部分，绝对不会出现在文章的中间部分。明确了题目的位置之后，我们来看一下主旨题的分类。

2、 主旨题题型分类及典型问法

主旨题分为目的主旨和内容主旨。
目的主旨：考查对话目的而非内容，即两个说话者的对话目的和教授讲这篇文章的目的。目的主旨一般出现于conversation中。
目的主旨典型问法：
Why does the student visit the professor?
Why does the student visit the registrar’s office?
Why did the professor ask to see the student?
Why does the professor explain X?
内容主旨： 要求考生理解讲座或对话的主旨大意。材料有时会明确提出主旨，有时要学生对听到的信息进行总结。
内容主旨典型问法：
What problem does the man have?
What are the speakers talking about?
What is the main idea of the lecture?
What aspect of X does the professor mainly discuss?

3、 主旨题解题技巧

首先要听准开头;特别是开头句型，之后找出对话目的;如果开头没有把握准，那么要注意全文重复词汇;最后要听准关键词并对实义词(名词、动词、形容词)足够敏感。那么，如何听准开头呢?在conversation和lecture的开头中，有的文章会出现寒暄部分。

比如，在conversation中两个说话者的在开头部分都会出现互相问好的寒暄语：
e.g.1
A : Hey, how is everything going?
B: Well, everything is going fine.
在这些寒暄之后说话人A说Do you need some tutoring in English? 说话人B说：yes, I am taking English composition and my English is not very good. 这才是文章的真正内容，也就是文章的主旨!所以选项的相应部分选择的是：She needs a tutoring appointment!
在lecture中，有时教授上来不会直接切入正题，而是先会寒暄几句。
例1： 有个教授上来先说I am sorry that I didn’t bring your paper, and it took longer to grade than I thought. So I will bring you the paper next class. Today, I want to continue our topic about Renaissance.
所以 “I am sorry that I didn’t bring your paper, and it took longer to grade than I thought. So I will bring you the paper next class。” 这句话都是在说与文章主旨无关紧要的话。而真正与文章主旨有关的是以today开头的这句话!所以，显而易见，这篇文章的主要内容就是Renaissance(文艺复兴)。
例2： In the last class, we discussed the Jazz music history. But today, I am going to talk about the development of the jazz music.
那么很显然，In the last class, we discussed the Jazz music history。这是上节课讲的内容。在强转折but之后，老师紧接着说I am going to talk about the development of the jazz music. 那么，文章的主旨也就很明确了。
在了解了如何在文章的开头抓主旨以后，我们再来看一下引导文章主旨的信号标志词，以便我们更好地定位选项。

4、 主旨题的信号标志词

Lecture引导主旨题信号标志词总结

1) 总结
语词后的动词词组：
today we will talk about...
today we will discuss...
today we will look at...
today we will tell...
2) 旧托福：
today we will spend several minutes in...
today we will focus on...
today we will concentrate on...
3) 动词时态:
've, -ed
will, be going to
4) 介词
About
注意点：在第三条中，动词过去式和过去分词后面引导的都是上节课涉及到的内容，所以即使大家听到了discuss这个词也可以放弃这部分内容。而只要听好并把握准today后面要讲的内容即可，也就是be going to/will 后面引导的内容，那么，about就是一个经常引导主要内容的一个介词。这个词很关键，要求听准其后面的宾语是什么，因为这个宾语就是解题的关键。
Conversation 引导主旨题信号标志词总结
1. wonder (e.g. I was wondering,…)
2. think (e.g. I am thinking, I was thinking,…)
3. hope (I was hoping,…)
4. need (Do you need, I need…)
5. figure out, work out, sort out
conversation的主要内容，一般情况下都是以上的这些词引导的。常用句型已在后面括号中标注出来。请同学们谨记在心。

5、 主旨题的选项特征

在选择选项的时候，大家一定要避免选择如下选项：

1) 范围小-细节进入主旨题(最常见);
2) 范围大-没锁定主旨;
3)不正确选项(即文章中根本没有涉及到的内容)
正确选项特征如下：
1)长的名词结构：(技巧：先定位比较of和that前面的词，在原文中找同意替换。之后确定of和that后面的宾语是否符合原文)
a) …of…
b) …that…
e.g. So, I wanted to discuss a few other terms here…actually, some, uh some ideas about how we manage our resources. Let’s talk about what that…what that means. If we take a resource like water…
Q: What is the talk mainly about?
A. A common method of managing water supply.
B. The formation of underground water systems.
C. Natural processes that renew water supplies.
D. Maintaining the purity of underground water system.
文章中的这句话 “I wanted to discuss a few other terms here…some ideas about”很明确的点出了文章的内容主旨。根据上面的讲解，我们很容易把握discuss和about这两个词!所以，about后面的“how we manage our resources”就是文章的主旨了!所以根据同义替换，我们可以将“how”这个词替换为A选项的method而且of 后面的宾语(managing water supply)也同原文内容(how we manage our resources)一致!正确答案为A。
2) . 以how, what, why开头
e.g. …so the Earth’s surface is made up of these huge segments, these tectonic plates. And these plates move, right? But how can, uh, motion of plates, do you think, influence climate on the Earth? Again, all of you probably read this section in the book, I hope, but, uh, uh, how— how can just motion of the plates impact the climate?
Q: What is the main topic of the talk?
A. The differences in climate that occur in different countries.
B. How movement of the Earth’s plates can affect climate.
C. Why the ocean has less effect on climate than previously thought.
D. The history of the climate of the region where the college is located.
这道题可以明显根据部分文章重复找出答案!重复句式为“But how can, uh, motion of plates, do you think, influence climate on the Earth?”去掉其中的插入语，我们可以提炼出“how can motion of plates influence climate on the Earth”。与这句话一致的是B选项。其中，可以找到原文与选项的同义替换是motion=movement、effect= impact/ influence。
从这道题目可以看出：特殊疑问词也是主旨题正确选项的一大特征。
3) To do
e.g. (lecture)
Ok. Another ancient Greek philosopher we need to discuss is Aristotle– Aristotle’s ethical theory. What Aristotle’s theory is all about is this: he is trying to show you how to be happy—what true happiness is。
Q: What is the main purpose of the lecture?
A. To illustrate the importance of extrinsic values
B. To explain Aristotle’s views about the importance of teaching
C. To explain why people change what they value
D. To discuss Aristotle’s views about human happiness
“To do”结构在主旨题中出镜率很高，目的主旨的选项大部分以to do结构开头。那么，解题的宗旨就是比较动词do的形式和用词!如果原文中用到的动词与选项一致，同学可以首先定位此选项，再比较后面的宾语即可。“Ok. Another ancient Greek philosopher we need to discuss is Aristotle– Aristotle’s ethical theory。”从原文中可以看到discuss这个词，那么这个词正好与D选项中的discuss相吻合，而其后的宾语“human happiness”也一致，所以答案无可厚非为D。