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Si-Rater 写作机评

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The reading puts forward three plausible arguments to support that new regulations are unnecessary and have negative results; whereas the lecture disputes them by stating several pieces of evidence.
First of all, the reading mentions that effective environmental regulations already exist. For instance, one significant regulation requires company to use liner to seal the coal ash and prevent them from leaking into soil. In contrast, the lecture contradicts it by asserting that existing regulations are not sufficient. For example, only new disposal landfills are forced to use liner, while old sites are not required to adopt it. Therefore, these harmful and dangerous coal ash may leak into water from those old disposal ponds. Therefore, we should implement new policies to prevent such things from happening.
Furthermore, the reading considers that strict reules for storing and handling coal ash might hinder the recycling of coal ash into other products. Since consumers may believe that recycled coal ash products are dangerous, they are likely to stop buying the products and commodities. Nevertheless, the lecture disagrees with the statement because this approach would not stop using recycling coal ash products, which is obvious from their attitude towards other recycling dangerous materials, such as Mercury. Mercury is a type of dangerous chemical material, so it need to be treated with strict rules. Yet it is recycled successfully and safely, and consumers have little concerns about these products. Thus this approach would not stop buying the products.
Finally, the reading points out that strict new regulations would lead to a considerable increase in disposal and handling costs for the power companies, whcih would reasult in the higher price of electricty. However, the lecture argues that the costs would increase though, it is worthy. Companies would spend 15 billion dollars to deal with the coal ash, but it would increase one percent of the bill now available. In order to have a clean and healthy environment, this consequence is acceptable.
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Burning coal in power plants produces a waste product called coal ash, a material that contains small amounts of potentially harmful chemicals. Environmentalists in the United States are concerned about the damage such harmful chemicals may be doing to the environment and suggest that the United States government should create new, much stricter regulations for handling and storing coal ash.

However, representatives of power companies take the opposite view: they argue that new regulations are unnecessary and might actually have negative consequences. They use the following arguments to support their position.

Regulations Exist

First, power company representatives point out that effective environmental regulations already exist. For example, one very important regulation requires companies to use liner—special material that prevents coal ash components from leaking into the soil and contaminating the surrounding environment. Companies that dispose of coal ash in disposal ponds or landfills must use liner in every new pond or landfill they build.

Concerns About Recycling Coal Ash

Second, some analysts predict that creating very strict rules for storing and handling coal ash might discourage the recycling of coal ash into other products. Currently, a large portion of coal ash generated by power plants is recycled: it is used, for example, in building materials such as concrete and bricks. Recycling coal ash reduces the need to dispose of it in other ways and presents no environmental danger. However, if new, stricter rules are adopted for handling coal ash, consumers may become concerned that recycled coal ash products are just too dangerous, and may stop buying the products.

Increased Cost

Finally, strict new regulations would result in a significant increase in disposal and handling costs for the power companies—perhaps as much as ten times the current costs. Power companies would be forced to increase the price of electricity, which would not be welcomed by the general public.

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Now listen to part of a lecture on the topic you just read about.

There should definitely be stricter rules adopted for handling and disposing of coal ash.

First, the regulations we have now, for example those that require companies to use liner, are not really sufficient. Under the current regulations, liner has to be used only when a company builds a new landfill or a new pond. But companies are not required to add liner to old ponds and landfills. Yet several of those older disposal sites have caused significant damage—for example, the harmful chemicals from coal ash leaked into groundwater and contaminated drinking water. We absolutely need stricter new regulations that will prevent environmental damage at all coal ash disposal sites—the new sites as well as the old ones.

Second, stricter rules for handling coal ash won't necessarily mean that consumers will stop using recycled coal ash products. Let's look at how people responded to strict regulations for other dangerous materials. Take mercury, for example.

Mercury is a fairly hazardous material, and it's been subject to very strict handling and storage rules for a long time. Yet despite those rules, it's been successfully and safely recycled for over 50 years and consumers have had very few concerns about it! So it's unlikely that consumers will become afraid to buy recycled coal ash products if stricter regulations are adopted.

Third, it's true that the cost of coal ash storage and handling will increase. But in this case, the result is well worth the extra cost. According to analysts, the cost to the power companies of implementing these rules would be about $15 billion. That sounds like a lot, but when you actually do the math, it would increase the average consumer's household electricity bill by only about one percent! That's not a big price to pay for having a cleaner environment.

问题

Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they challenge the specific arguments presented in the reading passage.

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分数说明

1. E-rater 是ETS在托福考试中真实使用的写作机评系统，具有很高的参考价值。因真实的考试中还有人类评分的环节，因此机器评分不能简单等同于最终的考试分数

2. 经过对测试用户写作成绩数据分析，考满分老师为大家提供了 E-rater 与真实考试分数的对应关系，供参考：

原始分数与水平对应关系
（老师会跟进数据并不定期更新）
机评分数 参考成绩
5 - 6 25 分以上
3 - 4 18 - 24 分
1 - 2 17 分以下