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listen to part of a lecture in a philosophy class.

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So in the third century BCE,

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there were several schools of philosophy flourishing in Greece.

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Now by school,

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I\'m referring to a set of philosophical teachings that gained a group of followers.

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I\'d like to talk a little bit about one of the most popular of these schools,

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Epicureanism,

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which was founded by the philosopher

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Epicurus. Epicurus conducted most of his teachings in the garden outside of his house.

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This space where his followers came to learn from him was simply called

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the garden. It\'s interesting because most philosophers around that time taught out in the open

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in very public places,

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where they attracted the best students of the day.

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But not Epicurus,

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the garden was much more secluded,

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tucked away from public life.

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And as you\'ll see,

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that\'s in keeping with epicurean philosophy

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professor. So is this where we get the term epicurean today,

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I\'ve heard it used to mean like someone who really enjoys indulging in good food or eating at expensive restaurants.

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Ah, good question.

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The term does originate from epicurean philosophy,

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but eating at an expensive restaurant is a good example of something Epicurus would have considered unnecessary.

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So for example, people in the garden had a relatively modest diet.

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They drank water and ate bread made from barley.

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It was pretty plain

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water and barley bread

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not exactly what we think of when we use the term epicurean today.

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Epicurus and his followers lived a rather simple life,

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and they believed that this simple life would help them obtain ataraxia.

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Ataraxia refers to tranquility

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or peace of mind.

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And many different schools of philosophy around this time were very interested in this concept.

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Of course, they had different ideas about how to achieve it,

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but they all started with the same question,

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if ataraxia is so desirable,

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well, because, well, clearly we all want to have peace of mind,

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then why don\'t more people already have it?

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Epicurus believed that the answer to this question was that people were pursuing the wrong kinds of desires.

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So the key to peace of mind was in pursuing the right kinds of desires.

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Epicurus argued that it was okay to pursue desires that are necessary,

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so like the desire to eat and drink,

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but when we pursue desires that are unnecessary,

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like, say, if you wanted to become famous

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or live a public life in any way, even by running for public office,

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those kinds of desires prevent us from obtaining peace of mind.

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But doesn\'t somebody have to hold public office?

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Otherwise you\'d have no government.

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Was Epicurus against government, or he wasn\'t against government,

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but he considered it best for your peace of mind if you could minimize the extent to which your life is public.

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So a life in politics wasn\'t ideal, in his view.

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It\'s interesting, though, Thomas Jefferson the third President of the United States,

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so clearly a politician

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actually considered himself an epicurean.

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In fact, many political thinkers in the 17th and 18th centuries CE

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echoed some of Epicurus ideas in their own writing.

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For example, Epicurus said

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that a truly just society should ensure that all its members have the opportunity

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to pursue their own happiness,

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Jefferson and others were still discussing these ideas

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centuries later,

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which shows how influential Epicureanism was.

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You said that there were other schools of philosophy that were interested in this

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ataraxia, right?

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So what did they think?

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Okay, one example is skepticism.

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The founder was the philosopher

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Piro. The skeptics essentially say that people don\'t have peace of mind because they hold on to opinions

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or beliefs, and if people would suspend their judgment, essentially just get rid of their opinions,

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they would have no worries.

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But how do you even do that? Get rid of your opinions. It\'s not easy,

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and I think it might account for why epicurean philosophy has always been more popular than the skeptic philosophy.

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Giving up an opinion like I prefer coffee to tea, maybe isn\'t so difficult, but skeptics believe you had to give up all opinions,

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even opinions like

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it\'s better to be healthy than sick. There\'s actually an interesting story about Piro.

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Some consider it a bit farfetched,

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but the story says

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that he would walk into busy streets without even looking first.

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Seems dangerous, of course, but that\'s the point.

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A true skeptic would have no opinion about whether walking into a busy street was dangerous or not.

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So imagine what it would be like if you really followed that philosophy.

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