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第1段
1 .listen to part of a lecture in a philosophy class.
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2 .So in the third century BCE,
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3 .there were several schools of philosophy flourishing in Greece.
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4 .Now by school,
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5 .I\'m referring to a set of philosophical teachings that gained a group of followers.
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6 .I\'d like to talk a little bit about one of the most popular of these schools,
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7 .Epicureanism,
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8 .which was founded by the philosopher
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9 .Epicurus. Epicurus conducted most of his teachings in the garden outside of his house.
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10 .This space where his followers came to learn from him was simply called
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11 .the garden. It\'s interesting because most philosophers around that time taught out in the open
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12 .in very public places,
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13 .where they attracted the best students of the day.
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14 .But not Epicurus,
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15 .the garden was much more secluded,
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16 .tucked away from public life.
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17 .And as you\'ll see,
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18 .that\'s in keeping with epicurean philosophy
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19 .professor. So is this where we get the term epicurean today,
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20 .I\'ve heard it used to mean like someone who really enjoys indulging in good food or eating at expensive restaurants.
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21 .Ah, good question.
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22 .The term does originate from epicurean philosophy,
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23 .but eating at an expensive restaurant is a good example of something Epicurus would have considered unnecessary.
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24 .So for example, people in the garden had a relatively modest diet.
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25 .They drank water and ate bread made from barley.
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26 .It was pretty plain
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27 .water and barley bread
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28 .not exactly what we think of when we use the term epicurean today.
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29 .Epicurus and his followers lived a rather simple life,
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30 .and they believed that this simple life would help them obtain ataraxia.
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31 .Ataraxia refers to tranquility
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32 .or peace of mind.
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33 .And many different schools of philosophy around this time were very interested in this concept.
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34 .Of course, they had different ideas about how to achieve it,
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35 .but they all started with the same question,
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36 .if ataraxia is so desirable,
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37 .well, because, well, clearly we all want to have peace of mind,
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38 .then why don\'t more people already have it?
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39 .Epicurus believed that the answer to this question was that people were pursuing the wrong kinds of desires.
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40 .So the key to peace of mind was in pursuing the right kinds of desires.
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41 .Epicurus argued that it was okay to pursue desires that are necessary,
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42 .so like the desire to eat and drink,
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43 .but when we pursue desires that are unnecessary,
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44 .like, say, if you wanted to become famous
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45 .or live a public life in any way, even by running for public office,
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46 .those kinds of desires prevent us from obtaining peace of mind.
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47 .But doesn\'t somebody have to hold public office?
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48 .Otherwise you\'d have no government.
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49 .Was Epicurus against government, or he wasn\'t against government,
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50 .but he considered it best for your peace of mind if you could minimize the extent to which your life is public.
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51 .So a life in politics wasn\'t ideal, in his view.
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52 .It\'s interesting, though, Thomas Jefferson the third President of the United States,
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53 .so clearly a politician
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54 .actually considered himself an epicurean.
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55 .In fact, many political thinkers in the 17th and 18th centuries CE
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56 .echoed some of Epicurus ideas in their own writing.
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57 .For example, Epicurus said
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58 .that a truly just society should ensure that all its members have the opportunity
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59 .to pursue their own happiness,
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60 .Jefferson and others were still discussing these ideas
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61 .centuries later,
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62 .which shows how influential Epicureanism was.
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63 .You said that there were other schools of philosophy that were interested in this
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64 .ataraxia, right?
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65 .So what did they think?
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66 .Okay, one example is skepticism.
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67 .The founder was the philosopher
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68 .Piro. The skeptics essentially say that people don\'t have peace of mind because they hold on to opinions
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69 .or beliefs, and if people would suspend their judgment, essentially just get rid of their opinions,
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70 .they would have no worries.
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71 .But how do you even do that? Get rid of your opinions. It\'s not easy,
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72 .and I think it might account for why epicurean philosophy has always been more popular than the skeptic philosophy.
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73 .Giving up an opinion like I prefer coffee to tea, maybe isn\'t so difficult, but skeptics believe you had to give up all opinions,
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74 .even opinions like
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75 .it\'s better to be healthy than sick. There\'s actually an interesting story about Piro.
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76 .Some consider it a bit farfetched,
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77 .but the story says
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78 .that he would walk into busy streets without even looking first.
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79 .Seems dangerous, of course, but that\'s the point.
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80 .A true skeptic would have no opinion about whether walking into a busy street was dangerous or not.
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81 .So imagine what it would be like if you really followed that philosophy.
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