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段落1

listen to part of a lecture in an archeology class.

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So in our last class, we looked at Bronze Age trade routes.

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And remember when we say Bronze Age,

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we\'re talking about the period from about 5000 years ago until about 2500 years ago.

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And when we discussed trade routes, we looked solely at land routes.

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Today, we\'ll concentrate on sea routes.

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And first, I want to talk about a shipwreck.

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It\'s called the uluburoon shipwreck.

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The uluburoon shipwreck was discovered in 1982 off the coast of Turkey.

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It was a large ship capable of carrying about 20 tons of goods,

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and since 1984 archeologists have been studying the ship and its cargo

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and the cargo. Well, the cargo included things like

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copper, tin glass from Egypt, pottery. There was ivory from Africa.

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There was also a small amount of gold and silver.

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But for an archeologist,

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the richest part of the shipwreck wasn\'t the items,

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but what we\'ve been able to learn from the items.

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So for example,

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the copper and tin.

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Copper and tin together made up the largest part of the ship\'s cargo.

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This was unworked metal raw materials being shipped to a place where it would be processed into bronze and then worked into finished goods like tools and weapons.

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The tin is particularly interesting

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because there\'s no source of tin near the Mediterranean.

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We\'re pretty sure that the copper came from the Mediterranean island of Cyprus,

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which was the source of most Bronze Age copper.

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But the tin might have come from Central Asia.

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Of all the cargo on the ulubarune ship,

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the tin probably traveled the farthest.

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And this sort of confirms our ideas about the general flow of raw materials from an east to west direction

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from the Middle East and Central Asia

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to Greece and areas farther north

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after copper and tin

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the largest part of the cargo was made up of a substance called

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terebinth. Terebinth is a resin,

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sort of like tree sap that hardens.

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And there were jars containing about half a ton of it aboard the ship

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finding such a large quantity

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in fact, the largest quantity ever found

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points to a large scale commercial trade in this product

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Terebinth had two uses at the time

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The primary use was as an incense

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So it was used in religious ceremonies

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And since terebinth has antibacterial properties

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it\'s possible that it was added to wine as a preservative

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Now there might have been some informal trading going on during this period,

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but what we\'re seeing here is evidence of a state controlled,

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highly regulated trade network.

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So for example,

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among the artifacts recovered were sets of balance weights

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If you\'re a merchant

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the ability to weigh out goods in standardized amounts is essential for conducting trade in an official system

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It\'s your most important tool

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And the balance weights aboard the ship

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Well, it\'s the largest collection ever found, 149 objects

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used for precise measuring of tiny amounts of gold and silver,as well as everyday trade goods.

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Looking at the weights recovered from the Ulu baron ship,

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we can tell there were probably four merchants aboard.

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Another clue that tells us about the merchants is weapons.

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One large and very ornate sword was found that probably belonged to the chief merchant.

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Three smaller swords were found as well.

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And judging by the style of the weights and the swords,

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as well as some other personal belongings found in the shipwreck,

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we believe that the merchants were most likely from Greece or Cyprus.

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So when we consider all of these fines together

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that it was a merchant vessel with a very diverse cargo

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there are a number of social and economic implications of this

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So the first is that the finds originated from a very, very large, interconnected area.

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We\'re talking about Egypt and Ethiopia in Africa

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as well as Central Asia, the Middle East Turkey, Greece and Italy.

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This whole area was connected in a sort of exchange network.

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And evidence of this complex trade in raw materials is something that is very rarely seen on land

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where the archeological finds are usually finished.

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