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第1段
1 .listen to part of a lecture in an archeology class.
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2 .So in our last class, we looked at Bronze Age trade routes.
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3 .And remember when we say Bronze Age,
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4 .we\'re talking about the period from about 5000 years ago until about 2500 years ago.
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5 .And when we discussed trade routes, we looked solely at land routes.
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6 .Today, we\'ll concentrate on sea routes.
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7 .And first, I want to talk about a shipwreck.
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8 .It\'s called the uluburoon shipwreck.
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9 .The uluburoon shipwreck was discovered in 1982 off the coast of Turkey.
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10 .It was a large ship capable of carrying about 20 tons of goods,
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11 .and since 1984 archeologists have been studying the ship and its cargo
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12 .and the cargo. Well, the cargo included things like
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13 .copper, tin glass from Egypt, pottery. There was ivory from Africa.
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14 .There was also a small amount of gold and silver.
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15 .But for an archeologist,
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16 .the richest part of the shipwreck wasn\'t the items,
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17 .but what we\'ve been able to learn from the items.
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18 .So for example,
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19 .the copper and tin.
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20 .Copper and tin together made up the largest part of the ship\'s cargo.
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21 .This was unworked metal raw materials being shipped to a place where it would be processed into bronze and then worked into finished goods like tools and weapons.
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22 .The tin is particularly interesting
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23 .because there\'s no source of tin near the Mediterranean.
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24 .We\'re pretty sure that the copper came from the Mediterranean island of Cyprus,
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25 .which was the source of most Bronze Age copper.
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26 .But the tin might have come from Central Asia.
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27 .Of all the cargo on the ulubarune ship,
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28 .the tin probably traveled the farthest.
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29 .And this sort of confirms our ideas about the general flow of raw materials from an east to west direction
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30 .from the Middle East and Central Asia
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31 .to Greece and areas farther north
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32 .after copper and tin
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33 .the largest part of the cargo was made up of a substance called
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34 .terebinth. Terebinth is a resin,
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35 .sort of like tree sap that hardens.
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36 .And there were jars containing about half a ton of it aboard the ship
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37 .finding such a large quantity
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38 .in fact, the largest quantity ever found
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39 .points to a large scale commercial trade in this product
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40 .Terebinth had two uses at the time
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41 .The primary use was as an incense
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42 .So it was used in religious ceremonies
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43 .And since terebinth has antibacterial properties
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44 .it\'s possible that it was added to wine as a preservative
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45 .Now there might have been some informal trading going on during this period,
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46 .but what we\'re seeing here is evidence of a state controlled,
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47 .highly regulated trade network.
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48 .So for example,
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49 .among the artifacts recovered were sets of balance weights
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50 .If you\'re a merchant
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51 .the ability to weigh out goods in standardized amounts is essential for conducting trade in an official system
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52 .It\'s your most important tool
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53 .And the balance weights aboard the ship
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54 .Well, it\'s the largest collection ever found, 149 objects
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55 .used for precise measuring of tiny amounts of gold and silver,as well as everyday trade goods.
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56 .Looking at the weights recovered from the Ulu baron ship,
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57 .we can tell there were probably four merchants aboard.
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58 .Another clue that tells us about the merchants is weapons.
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59 .One large and very ornate sword was found that probably belonged to the chief merchant.
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60 .Three smaller swords were found as well.
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61 .And judging by the style of the weights and the swords,
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62 .as well as some other personal belongings found in the shipwreck,
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63 .we believe that the merchants were most likely from Greece or Cyprus.
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64 .So when we consider all of these fines together
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65 .that it was a merchant vessel with a very diverse cargo
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66 .there are a number of social and economic implications of this
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67 .So the first is that the finds originated from a very, very large, interconnected area.
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68 .We\'re talking about Egypt and Ethiopia in Africa
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69 .as well as Central Asia, the Middle East Turkey, Greece and Italy.
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70 .This whole area was connected in a sort of exchange network.
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71 .And evidence of this complex trade in raw materials is something that is very rarely seen on land
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72 .where the archeological finds are usually finished.
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