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This is Scientific American's 60-Second Science. I'm Karen Hopkin. This'll just take a minute.

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Tis the season for infections.

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And if you wind up with a prescription for penicillin or its relatives, you're getting a gift that'll give those unwelcome bacteria a double whammy.

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Because a new study shows that the penicillins wipe out infections by delivering a lethal one¨Ctwo punch.

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The findings are revealed in the journal Cell.

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Scientists have long known that penicillin and its relatives disrupt the assembly of the bacterial cell wall, a tightly woven mesh made of peptide-studded sugars called peptidoglycans.

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The drugs bind to enzymes that produce peptidoglycans and then link them together.

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That interaction shuts down the enzymes' cross-linking capabilities.

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Without the cross-links, the cell wall collapses.

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And the bursting bacteria die.

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But the full effect of the antibiotic, in widespread use since World War II, was not appreciated til now.

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In the new study researchers treated bacteria with a form of penicillin and then watched what happened to the cell wall components.

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As expected, the drug blocked cross-link formation.

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But the surprise was that the enzyme that can no longer forge links doesn't just sit there.

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It continues to churn out unlinked peptidoglycans which the bacteria don't want piling up, so they rapidly degrade.

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This futile cycle of synthesis and destruction depletes bacterial resources, speeding the path to.

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The finding could point the way toward the development of new antibiotics,

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ones that are similarly multitalented when it comes to wiping out what ails you.

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Thanks for the minute, for Scientific American's 60-Second Science. I'm Karen Hopkin.

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