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段落1

This is Scientific American 60-Second Science. I'm Cynthia Graber. Got a minute?

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Leishmaniasis is a sometimes fatal disease marked by skin ulcers, fever, and spleen and liver problems.

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It currently affects about 12 million people, mostly in the developing world, with about 2 million new infections annually.

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It's caused by a parasite, which is spread by sand flies.

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There is not yet a good vaccine against leishmaniasis.

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But researchers have shown that it may be worthwhile to target not the parasite—but its fly host.

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The report good results in non-human primates in the journal Science Translational Medicine.

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Vaccines usually trigger our immune systems to rally against a pathogenic agent.

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If that agent should actually show up, the immune system can disarm it.

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But in this case, scientists aimed at the carrier, the sand fly.

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When an infected fly bites a victim, it injects parasites and its own saliva.

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So the researchers subjected monkeys to repeated bites from uninfected sand flies, then to bites from infected sandflies.

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And the monkeys bitten first by uninfected flies were partially protected when confronted with the leishmaniasis parasite.

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Seems that exposure to fly saliva alone could elicit an immune response.

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The researchers then determined that one particular protein in the sand fly’s saliva kicked the immune system into action.

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A vaccine based on that protein offered partial protection, with 7 of 10 monkeys that got it developing smaller ulcers and a stronger immune response than their unvaccinated peers when infected with the parasite.

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This protein can be generated and purified easily from E.coli,

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which means that it's possible to get large quantities of it to produce a potential future human vaccine against leishmaniasis.

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Which would make this saliva-based protection nothing to spit at.

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Thanks for the minute, for Scientific American 60-Second Science. I'm Cynthia Graber.

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