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1 .This is Scientific American 60-Second Science. I'm Cynthia Graber. Got a minute?
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2 .Leishmaniasis is a sometimes fatal disease marked by skin ulcers, fever, and spleen and liver problems.
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3 .It currently affects about 12 million people, mostly in the developing world, with about 2 million new infections annually.
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4 .It's caused by a parasite, which is spread by sand flies.
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5 .There is not yet a good vaccine against leishmaniasis.
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6 .But researchers have shown that it may be worthwhile to target not the parasite—but its fly host.
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7 .The report good results in non-human primates in the journal Science Translational Medicine.
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8 .Vaccines usually trigger our immune systems to rally against a pathogenic agent.
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9 .If that agent should actually show up, the immune system can disarm it.
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10 .But in this case, scientists aimed at the carrier, the sand fly.
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11 .When an infected fly bites a victim, it injects parasites and its own saliva.
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12 .So the researchers subjected monkeys to repeated bites from uninfected sand flies, then to bites from infected sandflies.
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13 .And the monkeys bitten first by uninfected flies were partially protected when confronted with the leishmaniasis parasite.
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14 .Seems that exposure to fly saliva alone could elicit an immune response.
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15 .The researchers then determined that one particular protein in the sand fly’s saliva kicked the immune system into action.
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16 .A vaccine based on that protein offered partial protection, with 7 of 10 monkeys that got it developing smaller ulcers and a stronger immune response than their unvaccinated peers when infected with the parasite.
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17 .This protein can be generated and purified easily from E.coli,
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18 .which means that it's possible to get large quantities of it to produce a potential future human vaccine against leishmaniasis.
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19 .Which would make this saliva-based protection nothing to spit at.
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20 .Thanks for the minute, for Scientific American 60-Second Science. I'm Cynthia Graber.
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