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段落1

listen to part of a lecture in an anthropology class.

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We\'ve talked about various types of societies.

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today, we\'ll consider a theory proposed by a sociologist named Gerhard Lenski.

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taking elements from established theories in sociology

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Lenski classified societies into four basic types

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Hunter, gatherer, horticultural, agrarian and industrial societies, I\'ll write them down.

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These classifications refer to society\'s primary means of subsistence.

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how they mainly obtain their resources.

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Hunter gatherers hunt and gather food.

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Horticultural and agrarian societies grow crops.

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but using different technologies.

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Industrial societies manufacture goods.

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Lenski argued that a society\'s primary means of subsistence.

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determines much about their interactions with each other and their social organization.

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and this had to do with their technology.

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Lenski theorized that the greater the technological advancement of a society.

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the more surplus in a society and the greater the inequality among its members.

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And as you study these various types of societies.

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you\'ll indeed observe increasing amounts of inequality.

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up to and including early industrial societies.

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Let\'s explore lens keys idea.

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starting with hunter gatherer societies.

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They were the dominant type of society until about 10,000 years ago.

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Now some hunter gatherer societies still exist.

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and studying them can help us in understanding the hunter gatherer lifestyle.

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Like in the 1960s we studied a group called the ! Kung.

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who live in Africa\'s Kalahari Desert.

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The name ! Kung is pronounced with a click sound at the beginning.

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but we\'ll just say ! Kung.

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anyway, we learned a lot about hunter gatherer societies from them.

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Hunter gatherers, primary means of subsistence is hunting animals and gathering shellfish and wild plants.

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The technology available to them, very simple tools like sticks and stone implements.

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is used, for example, to dig up wild plants.

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Significantly, hunter gatherers have to move around a lot.

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because they follow the herd and the edible plants that are available.

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this way of life makes it hard to store surplus food for extended periods it did spoil, right?

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People basically share and fairly quickly consume whatever resources are available.

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This ends up meaning that everyone\'s social status is about the same.

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You see, Lenski theorized that status is determined by control of surplus resources.

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Hunter gatherer societies have no surplus to control.

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which keeps their status equal.

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and this relatively equal status often extends to women and men based on cultures we\'ve studied.

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it\'s probably no surprise to you that their main jobs are different.

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Men hunt large animals, and women typically gather plants and shellfish.

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But one thing you probably don\'t know is that, in fact.

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men in some of these societies contribute to gathering as well.

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All in all, men and women\'s overall production is roughly equal.

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Okay, around 10,000 years ago, growing plants rather than gathering wild plants.

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became the major basis for subsistence for most people

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this was when horticultural societies first emerged, Tom?

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So, lots of people everywhere just caught on to domesticating plants.

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There are several popular hypotheses as to why horticulture emerged.

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For example, one proposes that global climate change was the primary cause.

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Warmer climates enabled people to settle and grow food.

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a competing one cites pressure.

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Population increases required more dependable food sources.

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But lots of information has been gathered since these hypotheses were proposed.

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a single one of these, so called universal causes is unlikely.

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Probably many large scale factors like these.

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combined with more local, regional, environmental and social factors played a part.

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So anyway, horticultural societies can obtain more food than hunter gatherer ones.

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because people are planting and growing domesticated plants.

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partly thanks to a new hand held tool, the hoe.

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The hoe can dig and move soil around.

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greatly aiding and planting seeds.

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not as well as plows powered by animals.

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plows are what distinguish the even more productive agrarian societies from horticultural ones.

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Anyway, with more food, horticultural societies can support larger populations than hunter gatherer ones.

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Significantly, horticultural societies mainly plant grains.

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which can be stored, they don\'t spoil easily.

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so you can settle for longer periods.

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and all this means you have the potential for surplus food.

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and for some people to acquire more surplus than others, right?

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So some people are going to have higher status in horticultural societies.

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Why? Because of having more surplus than someone else.

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So now we\'re seeing the beginnings of material wealth and of status differences in societies.

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