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第1段
1 .listen to part of a lecture in an anthropology class.
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2 .We\'ve talked about various types of societies.
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3 .today, we\'ll consider a theory proposed by a sociologist named Gerhard Lenski.
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4 .taking elements from established theories in sociology
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5 .Lenski classified societies into four basic types
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6 .Hunter, gatherer, horticultural, agrarian and industrial societies, I\'ll write them down.
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7 .These classifications refer to society\'s primary means of subsistence.
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8 .how they mainly obtain their resources.
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9 .Hunter gatherers hunt and gather food.
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10 .Horticultural and agrarian societies grow crops.
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11 .but using different technologies.
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12 .Industrial societies manufacture goods.
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13 .Lenski argued that a society\'s primary means of subsistence.
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14 .determines much about their interactions with each other and their social organization.
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15 .and this had to do with their technology.
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16 .Lenski theorized that the greater the technological advancement of a society.
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17 .the more surplus in a society and the greater the inequality among its members.
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18 .And as you study these various types of societies.
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19 .you\'ll indeed observe increasing amounts of inequality.
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20 .up to and including early industrial societies.
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21 .Let\'s explore lens keys idea.
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22 .starting with hunter gatherer societies.
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23 .They were the dominant type of society until about 10,000 years ago.
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24 .Now some hunter gatherer societies still exist.
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25 .and studying them can help us in understanding the hunter gatherer lifestyle.
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26 .Like in the 1960s we studied a group called the ! Kung.
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27 .who live in Africa\'s Kalahari Desert.
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28 .The name ! Kung is pronounced with a click sound at the beginning.
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29 .but we\'ll just say ! Kung.
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30 .anyway, we learned a lot about hunter gatherer societies from them.
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31 .Hunter gatherers, primary means of subsistence is hunting animals and gathering shellfish and wild plants.
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32 .The technology available to them, very simple tools like sticks and stone implements.
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33 .is used, for example, to dig up wild plants.
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34 .Significantly, hunter gatherers have to move around a lot.
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35 .because they follow the herd and the edible plants that are available.
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36 .this way of life makes it hard to store surplus food for extended periods it did spoil, right?
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37 .People basically share and fairly quickly consume whatever resources are available.
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38 .This ends up meaning that everyone\'s social status is about the same.
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39 .You see, Lenski theorized that status is determined by control of surplus resources.
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40 .Hunter gatherer societies have no surplus to control.
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41 .which keeps their status equal.
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42 .and this relatively equal status often extends to women and men based on cultures we\'ve studied.
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43 .it\'s probably no surprise to you that their main jobs are different.
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44 .Men hunt large animals, and women typically gather plants and shellfish.
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45 .But one thing you probably don\'t know is that, in fact.
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46 .men in some of these societies contribute to gathering as well.
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47 .All in all, men and women\'s overall production is roughly equal.
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48 .Okay, around 10,000 years ago, growing plants rather than gathering wild plants.
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49 .became the major basis for subsistence for most people
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50 .this was when horticultural societies first emerged, Tom?
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51 .So, lots of people everywhere just caught on to domesticating plants.
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52 .There are several popular hypotheses as to why horticulture emerged.
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53 .For example, one proposes that global climate change was the primary cause.
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54 .Warmer climates enabled people to settle and grow food.
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55 .a competing one cites pressure.
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56 .Population increases required more dependable food sources.
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57 .But lots of information has been gathered since these hypotheses were proposed.
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58 .a single one of these, so called universal causes is unlikely.
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59 .Probably many large scale factors like these.
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60 .combined with more local, regional, environmental and social factors played a part.
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61 .So anyway, horticultural societies can obtain more food than hunter gatherer ones.
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62 .because people are planting and growing domesticated plants.
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63 .partly thanks to a new hand held tool, the hoe.
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64 .The hoe can dig and move soil around.
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65 .greatly aiding and planting seeds.
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66 .not as well as plows powered by animals.
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67 .plows are what distinguish the even more productive agrarian societies from horticultural ones.
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68 .Anyway, with more food, horticultural societies can support larger populations than hunter gatherer ones.
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69 .Significantly, horticultural societies mainly plant grains.
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70 .which can be stored, they don\'t spoil easily.
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71 .so you can settle for longer periods.
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72 .and all this means you have the potential for surplus food.
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73 .and for some people to acquire more surplus than others, right?
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74 .So some people are going to have higher status in horticultural societies.
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75 .Why? Because of having more surplus than someone else.
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76 .So now we\'re seeing the beginnings of material wealth and of status differences in societies.
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