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This is Scientific American 60-Second Earth. I'm David Biello. Your minute begins now.

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Fact 1: The primary ingredient of most solar panels is purified sand.

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Fact 2: Enough sunlight hits the Earth in an hour to provide all of humanity's energy needs for a year.

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So why isn't solar power cheap and abundant?

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For starters, building a device capable of turning incoming photons into electricity isn't cheap.

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Add in installation and the cost of a solar system can still be more than $10 per watt of electricity produced.

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That's much higher than the cost per watt from burning coal or natural gas.

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It's going to take further technological breakthroughs to make photovoltaics cheaper.

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That's the conclusion of a report from Lux Research, a firm that advises emerging technologies.

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New developments could include growing pure silicon wafers rather than sawing them from long ingots;

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or even fundamental shifts in the physics employed, like using so-called black silicon or quantum dots.

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Of course, if all energy sources paid their full price, solar would be more competitive.

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After all, making solar panels doesn't result in nearly as much mercury, CO2 and other pollution as spewed by coal-fired power plants.

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If the health and environmental costs of coal or natural gas were included in their prices, suddenly solar might look a whole lot cheaper.

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Your minute is up, for Scientific American 60-Second Earth. I'm David Biello.

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