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listen to part of a discussion in an environmental science class.

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Okay, your reading assignment for today was an article that uses economics to argue for geoengineering as a way to counter global warming.

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Geoengineering has been garnering a lot of attention recently.

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Can anyone tell me about it? Maybe provide an example?

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Well, geoengineering is the act of deliberately manipulating the earth to produce a desired result.

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like, in this case, to counter global warming.

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Right? One idea is to encourage the growth of algae in oceans and other large bodies of water by adding large quantities of iron.

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as the Algae grows, it takes dissolved inorganic carbon from the water and uses it for photosynthesis.

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Levels of inorganic carbon in the water would decrease.

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as nature attempts to maintain balance.

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Carbon in the water would then be naturally replaced by carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

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the same carbon dioxide that\'s contributing to global warming.

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Of course, this would need to take place on a large scale for atmospheric carbon dioxide levels to decrease.

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and there are other geoengineering proposals to counter global warming.

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like what the author of the article suggests, adding sulfur dioxide to the stratosphere.

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That was a bit confusing. Isn\'t sulfur dioxide, another pollutant?

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It is, but it doesn\'t contribute to global warming.

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It\'s mainly produced by coal burning factories, and if it stays in the lower atmosphere.

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it can cause problems like acid rain.

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but if it\'s moved further away from the Earth\'s surface.

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up into the stratosphere, it would act as a screen.

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reducing the amount of radiation that reaches Earth.

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This means earth would remain cooler.

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It seems like there\'s a lot that could go wrong.

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A lot of people would agree with you, but the author believes the best way to counter global warming is through geoengineering.

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So let\'s consider her first point.

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that geoengineering projects are cheaper than reducing the amount of greenhouse gasses we\'re putting into the atmosphere.

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What would we have to do to reduce the production of greenhouse gasses?

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Not burn as much fossil fuel? Maybe by putting restrictions on industries?

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The author argues that would cost a lot of money.

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The businesses would have to change how they produce their goods.

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buy new equipment, switch to renewable energy.

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whereas with geoengineering,

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The author says we wouldn\'t need much sulfur dioxide to counter global warming.

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and there\'s already a lot of sulfur dioxide being released into the atmosphere.

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So all we need to do is transfer some sulfur dioxide from the lower atmosphere to the stratosphere.

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But scientists have been researching the idea of using a very long hose.

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but we\'ll get to that in a minute.

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First, let me point out that sulfur dioxide doesn\'t remain in the stratosphere very long.

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it eventually settles back to Earth.

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So once we start moving sulfur dioxide to the stratosphere.

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we have to keep adding more.

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You see, if we continue adding greenhouse gasses to the atmosphere and start adding sulfur dioxide to the stratosphere.

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we reach a balance.

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but if we suddenly stopped doing one or the other, that would put the climate off balance, suddenly too hot or too cold.

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and while it might not be expensive to move sulfur dioxide to the stratosphere.

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we also have to consider the cost of monitoring the effects of what we\'re doing.

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and dealing with any unexpected consequences.

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So in the long run

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it might be more expensive than reducing the amount of greenhouse gasses we\'re putting into the atmosphere.

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The author said, there\'s no way to predict the full extent of global warming.

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if that\'s the case, if we don\'t know for sure how much the climate.

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Why would she argue for geoengineering?

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Why? Indeed, geoengineering adds an extra level of complexity.

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and additional variable to our prediction attempts.

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But what about the other argument she presents that it\'s impossible to change human behavior?

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Well, not impossible, but that humans are driven by self-interest.

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and most people aren\'t willing to pay the price to stop climate change.

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in this case, by generating fewer greenhouse gasses.

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We all want a better life, but we don\'t need to emit greenhouse gasses to have that.

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And sometimes Human Nature doesn\'t need to be altered to solve a problem.

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For example, some people leave the lights on when leaving a room.

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even after being reminded not to.

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But what if motion detectors that automatically switch lights off are installed.

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our quality of life hasn\'t been compromised, and we\'re saving energy?

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I think that\'s the type of problem solving we need to use to address climate change.

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