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第1段
1 .listen to part of a discussion in an environmental science class.
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2 .Okay, your reading assignment for today was an article that uses economics to argue for geoengineering as a way to counter global warming.
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3 .Geoengineering has been garnering a lot of attention recently.
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4 .Can anyone tell me about it? Maybe provide an example?
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5 .Well, geoengineering is the act of deliberately manipulating the earth to produce a desired result.
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6 .like, in this case, to counter global warming.
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7 .Right? One idea is to encourage the growth of algae in oceans and other large bodies of water by adding large quantities of iron.
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8 .as the Algae grows, it takes dissolved inorganic carbon from the water and uses it for photosynthesis.
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9 .Levels of inorganic carbon in the water would decrease.
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10 .as nature attempts to maintain balance.
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11 .Carbon in the water would then be naturally replaced by carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
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12 .the same carbon dioxide that\'s contributing to global warming.
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13 .Of course, this would need to take place on a large scale for atmospheric carbon dioxide levels to decrease.
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14 .and there are other geoengineering proposals to counter global warming.
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15 .like what the author of the article suggests, adding sulfur dioxide to the stratosphere.
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16 .That was a bit confusing. Isn\'t sulfur dioxide, another pollutant?
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17 .It is, but it doesn\'t contribute to global warming.
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18 .It\'s mainly produced by coal burning factories, and if it stays in the lower atmosphere.
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19 .it can cause problems like acid rain.
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20 .but if it\'s moved further away from the Earth\'s surface.
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21 .up into the stratosphere, it would act as a screen.
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22 .reducing the amount of radiation that reaches Earth.
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23 .This means earth would remain cooler.
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24 .It seems like there\'s a lot that could go wrong.
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25 .A lot of people would agree with you, but the author believes the best way to counter global warming is through geoengineering.
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26 .So let\'s consider her first point.
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27 .that geoengineering projects are cheaper than reducing the amount of greenhouse gasses we\'re putting into the atmosphere.
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28 .What would we have to do to reduce the production of greenhouse gasses?
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29 .Not burn as much fossil fuel? Maybe by putting restrictions on industries?
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30 .The author argues that would cost a lot of money.
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31 .The businesses would have to change how they produce their goods.
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32 .buy new equipment, switch to renewable energy.
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33 .whereas with geoengineering,
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34 .The author says we wouldn\'t need much sulfur dioxide to counter global warming.
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35 .and there\'s already a lot of sulfur dioxide being released into the atmosphere.
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36 .So all we need to do is transfer some sulfur dioxide from the lower atmosphere to the stratosphere.
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37 .But scientists have been researching the idea of using a very long hose.
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38 .but we\'ll get to that in a minute.
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39 .First, let me point out that sulfur dioxide doesn\'t remain in the stratosphere very long.
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40 .it eventually settles back to Earth.
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41 .So once we start moving sulfur dioxide to the stratosphere.
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42 .we have to keep adding more.
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43 .You see, if we continue adding greenhouse gasses to the atmosphere and start adding sulfur dioxide to the stratosphere.
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44 .we reach a balance.
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45 .but if we suddenly stopped doing one or the other, that would put the climate off balance, suddenly too hot or too cold.
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46 .and while it might not be expensive to move sulfur dioxide to the stratosphere.
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47 .we also have to consider the cost of monitoring the effects of what we\'re doing.
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48 .and dealing with any unexpected consequences.
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49 .So in the long run
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50 .it might be more expensive than reducing the amount of greenhouse gasses we\'re putting into the atmosphere.
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51 .The author said, there\'s no way to predict the full extent of global warming.
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52 .if that\'s the case, if we don\'t know for sure how much the climate.
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53 .Why would she argue for geoengineering?
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54 .Why? Indeed, geoengineering adds an extra level of complexity.
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55 .and additional variable to our prediction attempts.
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56 .But what about the other argument she presents that it\'s impossible to change human behavior?
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57 .Well, not impossible, but that humans are driven by self-interest.
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58 .and most people aren\'t willing to pay the price to stop climate change.
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59 .in this case, by generating fewer greenhouse gasses.
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60 .We all want a better life, but we don\'t need to emit greenhouse gasses to have that.
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61 .And sometimes Human Nature doesn\'t need to be altered to solve a problem.
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62 .For example, some people leave the lights on when leaving a room.
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63 .even after being reminded not to.
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64 .But what if motion detectors that automatically switch lights off are installed.
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65 .our quality of life hasn\'t been compromised, and we\'re saving energy?
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66 .I think that\'s the type of problem solving we need to use to address climate change.
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