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第1段
1 .<-NARRATOR:-> Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class.
听一个生物学的讲座片段。
第2段
1 .<-FEMALE PROFESSOR:-> Okay, so many animals benefit from living in groups ...
很多动物得益于群体生活...
2 .it provides them with protection from predators and, uh, with social companionship...
这为它们提供了对于捕食者的保护,而且还有社会化同伴...
第3段
1 .So it’s important for these animals to maintain their group’s unity.
所以,对于这些动物来说,保持群体的团结很重要。
2 .They need ways to either avoid conflicts, or, if they do occur, to resolve them peacefully.
他们需要避免冲突的方法,或者,在冲突发生的时候,和平解决的方法。
第4段
1 .To help them achieve this, many animals use what are called display behaviors.
为了实现这样的目的,很多动物使用所谓的展示行为。
2 .These are behaviors that are mostly for show ...
这是些主要用来展示的动作...
3 .uh, symbolic behaviors that send a message to the other animals and help maintain their group’s unity.
一些用来向其他动物传递信息,帮助保持群体团结的象征性行为。
第5段
1 .One way is through the use of threatening display behaviors.
一种方式是通过使用威胁性展示行为。
2 .Threatening display behaviors are used to communicate a warning, but they aren’t meant to really harm other animals.
威胁性展示行为被用作表达威胁,但不是对其他动物的真正伤害。
3 .Rather, they help animals avoid fights.
相反,这些行为帮助动物们避免打斗。
第6段
1 .Some monkeys—like baboons, for instance—frequently use threatening display behaviors.
一些猴子——例如狒狒——经常使用威胁性展示行为。
2 .Like... well, let’s say two baboons find some fruit and they both want it.
就像...我们假设两只狒狒发现了同一堆水果,他们都想吃这些水果。
第7段
1 .One baboon—maybe the first baboon to see the fruit—might stare at the other one ...
一只狒狒——可能是第一个发现这些水果的狒狒——就会盯视另一只狒狒...
2 .and make threatening noises—grunts—to let the other baboon know it wants the fruit.
发出威胁性的声音——低吼——让另一只狒狒明白它想要这些水果。
第8段
1 .Because the other baboon understands the meaning of the stares and grunts, it can give up the fruit without a fight.
因为另一只狒狒理解这些低吼和盯视的意思,它就会放弃这些水果,而非选择打斗。
2 .And this behavior benefits the group ... by preventing conflict.
这样的行为对群体有利...通过避免冲突。
3 .But sometimes physical fights do occur ...
但有时真正的打斗会发生...
4 .and animals need a way to reconcile afterwards, to make up ...
因此动物需要在打斗后和解弥补的方法...
5 .to ensure that everyone in the group continues to get along.
以此确保群体中的每个个体能够继续相处。
第9段
1 .In these cases, an animal might use friendly display behavior to restore group unity.
在这些情况下,动物可能使用友好展示行为来恢复群体团结。
2 .Uh... let’s return to the baboon example.
我们回到狒狒的例子。
第10段
1 .Let’s say the two baboons do end up getting into a physical fight over the fruit.
举例说,那两只狒狒因为那些水果最终发生了肢体打斗。
2 .After the conflict, the two animals need a way to resolve things.
在打斗后,两只动物需要解决冲突的方法。
第11段
1 .So what they do is approach each other while making friendly noises, and may even hug each other...
所以它们会做的是,彼此靠近,同时发出友好的声音,甚至彼此拥抱...
2 .as if to say, “Everything’s okay now. I’m not angry with you anymore.”
好些在说,“现在一切都好说,我不再对你生气了。”
第12段
1 .Through this display behavior—friendly noises or hugs—the baboons can make up and the group can go back to normal.
通过这样的展示行为——友好的声音和拥抱——狒狒们能重归于好,群体也就恢复到正常。