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第1段
1 .listen to part of a lecture in a history of science class
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2 .the development of computers and the programs needed to run them
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3 .truly took off after about the 1950s
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4 .and there are now countless software programs to make computers carry out different tasks.
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5 .But you might be surprised to learn that the first computer program was written in 1843 by a woman named Ada Lovelace.
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6 .Lovelace was the daughter of the English poet Lord Byron.
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7 .Now, in addition to being famous for his poetry,
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8 .Byron was also known for erratic moods and unpredictable behaviors,
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9 .and he separated from lovelace\'s mother only a few months after their daughter, ADA, was born.
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10 .Lovelace, his mother
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11 .thought that the pursuit of knowledge was essential to an individual\'s development.
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12 .She was highly educated herself,
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13 .and she insisted that her daughter be tutored in mathematics and science from a young age.
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14 .Well, Lovelace quickly showed her proclivity for mathematics,
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15 .and at the age of 17, she met a mathematician named Charles Babbage.
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16 .Babbage acted as a mentor to Lovelace for years.
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17 .When they met, he\'d been building a highly innovative machine that was intended to do something like what modern day calculators do
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18 .automate calculation,
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19 .but this machine\'s capabilities would be relatively limited to equations based on addition,
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20 .but eventually,
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21 .and note, we\'re only talking about the mid-1830s here.
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22 .Babbage turned his thoughts toward a new machine that would be even more sophisticated
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23 .in concept, a computer, the Analytical Engine.
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24 .The analytical engine was designed to do more complex calculations, more advanced equations, multiplication and division for instance,
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25 .the machine would be a huge and complex mechanical system of gears, levers, rods and other moving parts corresponding to numerical digits.
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26 .Babbage\'s plan was to feed punched cards into it,
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27 .cards with patterns of holes punched into them,
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28 .kind of similar to ones used for years with computers in the 20th century,
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29 .depending on the pattern on the cards, different parts of the machine would be engaged.
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30 .The punch cards would provide the directions.
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31 .In other words, the Analytical Engine could be programmed.
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32 .Lovelace studied Babbage\'s plans in depth,
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33 .and in 1840 after Babbage made a presentation on it,
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34 .another mathematician, Luigi manabrea,
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35 .published a paper describing the Analytical Engine in detail.
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36 .Now manabrea wrote his paper in French,
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37 .and love. Lace was asked to translate the paper from French to English. What she did, however, was more than that.
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38 .She added seven lengthy notes to man of Ray\'s paper.
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39 .The notes made the published paper three times longer than the original.
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40 .Most important in these notes, she proposes how the Analytical Engine could be programmed.
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41 .Lovelace described,
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42 .for example, how the Analytical Engine could switch to one set of instructions or another depending on predetermined sets of conditions.
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43 .You know, if X then Y.
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44 .Another thing she described was what today is called looping, a way to repeat a series of instructions over and over.
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45 .She realized also that the engine could manipulate not just numbers, but symbols.
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46 .And symbolic logic is what underpins modern computer programming.
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47 .She even speculated on whether the machine could make decisions on its own based on data it generated,
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48 .use its own data to make decisions that are, you know, in a sense, independent.
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49 .In other words, she theorized about capabilities that we call artificial intelligence, some of which have been achieved today,
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50 .but Lovelace ruled out this idea, arguing that a machine could only do what it was ordered to perform.
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51 .Furthermore, Lovelace wrote out actual instructions for the Analytical Engine to perform complex calculations.
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52 .In other words, she\'d written the very first computer program.
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53 .Normally, these calculations would be laborious to do by hand,
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54 .but the Analytical Engine would, in theory, complete them automatically, following the instruction she had written.
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55 .Now I say in theory because, well,
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56 .the Analytical Engine was never actually built,
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57 .so Lovelace never had the chance to test her program on it.
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58 .As a result, her legacy was largely forgotten until the 1950s
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59 .and developments in computing happened independently of her work.
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60 .But when her notes were rediscovered in the mid-20th century, there was no doubt that her vision was truly revolutionary,
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61 .although people didn\'t take advantage of lovelace\'s programming,
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62 .many of her ideas are realized in modern day computing.
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