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第1段
1 .<-NARRATOR:->Listen to part of a lecture in a philosophy class.
旁白：听一段哲学课堂的讲座。
第2段
1 .<-FEMALE PROFESSOR:->OK. Another ancient Greek philosopher we need to discuss is Aristotle - Aristotle's ethical theory.
教授：我们需要讨论的另外一个古希腊哲学家是亚里士多德--亚里士多德的伦理学说。
2 .What Aristotle's ethical theory is all about is this: he's trying to show you how to be happy - what true happiness is.
亚里士多德的伦理学说主要讲的是：他试着让你了解如何变得幸福快乐--什么是真正的幸福快乐。
第3段
1 .Now, why is he interested in human happiness? It's not just because it's something that all people want or aim for. It's more than that.
然而，他为什么对人类的幸福感兴趣？并不只是因为幸福快乐是大家所追求的。不仅仅是这样。
2 .But to get there we need to first make a very important distinction.
而且为了能幸福快乐，我们首先得做出一个重要的区分。
3 .Let me introduce a couple of technical terms: extrinsic value and intrinsic value.
我先导入两个专业术语：外在价值和内在价值。
第4段
1 .To understand Aristotle's interest in happiness, you need to understand this distinction.
要想了解亚里士多德为什么对幸福快乐感兴趣，你得先会区分这两个术语。
第5段
1 .Some things we aim for and value, not for themselves but for what they bring about in addition to themselves.
我们追寻和看重的事物，不是该事物本身，而是由它带来的附加价值。
2 .If I value something as a means to something else, then it has what we will call [read slowly] “extrinsic value.”
如果我将一个事物看成是获得另一个事物的途径，那么这个事物拥有我们说的“外在价值”。
3 .Other things we desire and hold to be valuable for themselves alone.
而其他事物，我们渴望得到或拥有就其本身而言有价值。
4 .If we value something not as a means to something else, but for its own sake, let us say that it has [read slowly] “intrinsic value.”
如果我们不将一个事物看成是获得另外一个事物的途径，而只是为了得到该事物本身，我们可以说它拥有“内在价值”。
第6段
1 .Exercise. There may be some people who value exercise for itself, but I don't, I value exercise because if I exercise, I tend to stay healthier than I would if I didn't.
拿锻炼来说，或许有一些人看重的是锻炼本身，但我不这么想。我之所以看好锻炼是因为如果我锻炼，我就会比自己不锻炼更健康。
2 .So I desire to engage in exercise and I value exercise extrinsically... not for its own sake, but as a means to something beyond it.
所以我想要参加锻炼，认为锻炼有外在价值。显然，我并不是为了锻炼而锻炼，而是将其看成是我达成其背后价值的一种途径。
3 .It brings me good health.
锻炼能让我身体健康
第7段
1 .Health. Why do I value good health? Well, here it gets a little more complicated for me.
又比如说健康，我为什么珍视健康？这对我来说有点复杂。
2 .Um, health is important for me because I can't... do other things I want to do - play music, teach philosophy - if I'm ill.
这么说，健康对我来说很重要是因为我不能……做我想做的事——弹奏音乐，教哲学——如果我生病了。
3 .So health is important to me - has value to me - as a means to a productive life.
所以健康对我来说很重要——对我有价值——作为通向多产人生的途径。
4 .But health is also important to me because I just kind of like to be healthy - it feels good. It's pleasant to be healthy, unpleasant not to be.
健康对我重要的原因还有我只是喜欢健健康康的感觉——这个感觉不错。健康时神采奕奕，生病时萎靡不振。
5 .So to some degree I value health both for itself and as a means to something else: productivity.
所以，在一定程度上，我看重健康的本身的同时也将其看成是获得其他东西的途径：生产率。
6 .It's got extrinsic and intrinsic value for me.
对我来说，健康既有外在价值又有内在价值。
第8段
1 .Then there's some things that are just valued for themselves.
而由健康带来的事物里也有各自的内在价值。
2 .I'm a musician, not a professional musician; I just play a musical instrument for fun.
我爱好音乐，但我不是职业的音乐家；我弹奏乐器纯属娱乐。
3 .Why do I value playing music? Well, like most amateur musicians, I only play because, well, I just enjoy it. It's something that's an end in itself.
我为什么喜欢弹奏音乐？其实，跟绝大多数音乐爱好者一样，我享受弹奏音乐的过程。为弹奏而弹奏。
第9段
1 .Now, something else I value is teaching.
我喜欢的还有教课。
2 .Why? Well, it brings in a modest income, but I could make more money doing other things.
为什么？虽然教课挣钱很少，但我可以做别的事挣钱。
3 .I'd do it even if they didn't pay me. I just enjoy teaching. In that sense it's an end to itself.
即便不给工资，我也会继续教课。我喜欢教学，仅此而已。这样说来，我是为了教课而教课。
第10段
1 .But teaching's not something that has intrinsic value for all people - and that's true generally.
但是，教课并不对所有人都有内在价值--这一般是实情。
2 .Most things that are enjoyed in and of themselves vary from person to person.
很多事情我们是乐在其中还是乐在其外是因人而异的。
3 .Some people value teaching intrinsically, but others don't.
有些人认为教学有内在价值，但有些人不这样认为。
第11段
1 .So how does all this relate to human happiness?
那么这些跟人类幸福快乐有什么关系呢？
2 .Well, Aristotle asks: is there something that all human beings value... and value only intrinsically, for its own sake and only for its own sake?
亚里士多德是这样设问的：存不存在这样的事物，所有人类都认为它有价值，而且是内在价值，因为且仅仅因为其自身原因。
3 .If you could find such a thing, that would be the universal final good, or truly the ultimate purpose or goal for all human beings.
如果你能找到这样的事物，那它应该这个世界终极的善举，或者说是人类终极目标。
4 .Aristotle thought the answer was yes.
亚里士多德给出的答案是肯定的。
5 .What is it? Happiness.
是什么呢？幸福。
6 .Everyone will agree, he argues, that happiness is the ultimate end...to be valued for itself and really only for itself. [rhetorical question]
大家将不会反对，他说幸福快乐是且仅是衡量其本身的最终目标。
7 .For what other purpose is there in being happy? [rhetorical question, with implicit answer being nothing’] What does it yield? [conclusion, not an answer to previous questons]
在幸福里你能找到幸福的其它目的吗？它能收获什么？
8 .The attainment of happiness becomes the ultimate or highest good for Aristotle.
所以，获取幸福是亚里斯多德最终的也是最高的追求。
第12段
1 .The next question that Aristotle raises is: what is happiness?
亚里斯多德提出的第二个问题是：什么是幸福？
2 .We all want it; we all desire it; we all seek it. It's the goal we have in life. But what is it? How do we find it?
我们都需要；我们都想要；我们都追求。幸福是我们生活的目标。但是，它到底是什么？我们如何追求？
3 .Here he notes, with some frustration, people disagree.
这里亚里士多德提到，几经挫折人们往往并不同意刚才的看法。
第13段
1 .But he does give us a couple of criteria, or features, to keep in mind as we look for what true human happiness is.
但他的确给了我们一些标准，或是幸福的特征，以便在寻找人类幸福的过程中作为参考。
2 .True human happiness should be, as he puts it, complete.
如他所说，真正的幸福应该是完彻。
3 .Complete in that it's all we require. Well, true human happiness... if you had that, what else do you need? Nothing.
在大家所需求的方面做到无缺。嗯，人类真正的幸福……如果你拥有了，你还需要什么？什么都不需要。
第14段
1 .And, second, true happiness should be something that I can obtain on my own. I shouldn't have to rely on other people for it.
此外，真正的幸福是全凭自己的力量可以获取的东西。我们不需要借助别人的力量便可获得。
2 .Many people value fame and seek fame. Fame for them becomes the goal.
很多人爱慕虚荣，追寻名声。他们视名声为目标。
3 .But, according to Aristotle, this won't work either, because fame depends altogether too much on other people.
然而，据亚里士多德所言，这都不奏效，因为要获得名声，需要极大借助他人的力量。
4 .I can't get it on my own, without help from other people.
没有别人的帮助，我不可能自己成名。
第15段
1 .In the end, Aristotle says that true happiness is the exercise of reason - life of intellectual contemplation... of thinking.
最后，亚里士多德表示，真正的幸福是理智的践行，即关于知性思考的生活，关于思想的生活。
2 .So let's see how he comes to that.
那么我们继续看看他是怎么解释的。