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1 .<-NARRATOR:-> Listen to part of a talk in a sociology class.
请听社会学课上的部分内容。
2 .<-FEMALE PROFESSOR:-> Now let's talk about a particular cultural process-diffusion.
今天我们来学习一下一个特殊的文化进程--传播。
3 .Since the beginning of human history, diverse cultures have taken advantage of one another's innovations when they've come into contact.
自人类历史开端以来，不同的文化在相互碰撞的时候都会利用彼此的发明创新。
4 .Diffusion is the process whereby something cultural-like a custom, a type of food, or an invention-
传播，就是某种文化性的东西，比如一种习俗，一种食物或者一个发明，
5 .is spread from one group to another, or from one society to another.
从一个群体扩散到另一个群体，或者从一个社会扩散到另一个社会的过程。
6 .One group adopts a cultural item-
一个群体会采用另一个群体的文化项目，
7 .or, more selectively, just part of a cultural item-of another group, you see.
或者更有选择性地只采用一个文化项目的某个部分。
8 .Now, diffusion can occur through a variety of ways... military conquest, or tourism, or...
传播可以通过各种不同的方式产生，比如通过军事占领、旅游或者
9 .even something like the influence of satellite TV shows around the world.
甚至像可在世界各地收看的卫星电视一样的某些事物。
10 .For example, take something like reading a modern newspaper here in the U.S.
就拿我们在美国看一份现代报纸这样的事情来说吧。
11 .Have you ever thought about where the letters-the characters on the page you're reading-where they came from?
你有没有想过，你看的报纸上的这些字母、文字究竟都是怎么来的？
12 .They were borrowed from another culture many centuries ago.
它们都是很多个世纪以前从另一种文明中借用过来的。
13 .Then, the printing of the words-well, that process was invented in Germany.
另外，文字印刷这项工艺是德国发明的，
14 .And finally, the paper itself-
还有纸张本身，
15 .paper was invented in China.
纸张是中国发明的。
16 .These innovations from all over the world were shared across cultures...
这些来自世界各地的发明随着时间的推移为各个文明所共享，
17 .over time... and so today we have newspapers in the U.S.
也就因此有了来自美国的报纸。
18 .So the process of diffusion might take place over long distances and over long periods of time.
所以，传播的过程可以远距离长时间地进行。
19 .Now, I'm not saying that diffusion happens easily.
我的意思并不是说传播很容易就能产生。
20 .As I mentioned, sometimes it's selective.
就像我提到过的，传播有时候也是有选择性的。
21 .For instance, many people in the U.S. have accepted the practice of acupuncture-
比如，很多美国人都接受过针灸疗法。
22 .the Chinese practice of using needles to cure disease or relieve pain.
这种中式疗法是通过用针来治愈疾病或者舒缓疼痛。
23 .So, lots of people in the U.S. have realized that acupuncture is effective,
所以，很多美国人意识到针灸原来是有效的。
24 .but few of them fully understand or have committed themselves to the philosophy behind acupuncture.
但是他们当中很少有人完全明白或者认同针灸背后的哲学
25 .Cultures tend to resist ideas which seem too foreign,
一种文化一般会倾向于排斥另外一种差别很大的文化
26 .too different from their own beliefs and values.
在信仰和价值上差别很大的文化
27 .But the ideas which aren't perceived as too different are often incorporated,
但是那些被认为是没那么不同的观点会被融合
28 .absorbed-diffused-into their culture.
吸收、传播到他们自己的文化当中
29 .So the practice of acupuncture has been absorbed into U.S. culture,
因此针灸就被融合到了美国文化当中了
30 .but not the philosophies of Chinese medicine.
但是中药的哲理却并没有