A number of whales die every year because of "beaching": they swim onto a beach or a shore in general and become stranded there, unable to return to the sea. The reason that some whales become beached remains unclear, however. Scientists have proposed several theories to explain it.
First, some scientists believe that beaching occurs when whales are sick from a parasite, poison, or disease. These scientists argue that seriously ill whales may become confused about the direction in which they are swimming. This can cause them to swim too close to the shore and become trapped on the beach.
Second, other researchers suggest that powerful sonar used by military ships may cause beaching. Sonar is a navigational tool that sends sound waves of a certain frequency into the water. Scientists have noticed that more whales than usual are found beached after military sonar tests have been conducted in an area. They speculate that the sonar may be interfering with the whales' system of echolocation, the process by which whales send out their own sounds for navigating and finding food. Military sonar is much stronger than whales' echolocation and may interfere with the whales' ability to navigate, causing them to beach.
Third, still other researchers believe that whales become beached because of disturbances in Earth's magnetic field. This explanation is based on the idea that whales orient themselves and navigate by the position of Earth's magnetic field. Supporters of this theory point out that magnetic field changes can occur before earthquakes and that there have been reports of numbers of whales becoming beached
before major earthquakes in some areas. Changes in the magnetic field leading up to an earthquake may confuse whales and cause them to swim to land.
Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they cast doubt on the specific points made in the reading passage in.
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