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The Chesapeake Bay, located in Maryland, Virginia, and Delaware on the East Coast of the United States, is the country's largest estuary (body of water where rivers flow into the ocean). Once home to thriving populations of marine life, the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem has declined greatly in recent decades. However, there are steps that can be taken to help restore the bay and its marine life.

First, strict catch limits can be set on marine creatures such as crabs whose numbers have been declining because of overfishing. Limiting the number of crabs that can be caught would be an effective solution. Similar measures saved other bay animals in the past: at one time, the bay's population of striped bass was quite low, but after strict catch limits were put in place, bass populations returned to healthy numbers.

Another measure that can be taken is restoring the oyster population. Oysters, which are filter feeders, play a crucial role in the bay ecosystem by removing impurities from the water; unfortunately, oysters have been declining since they are vulnerable to disease. A solution would be to import Asian oysters, which are known to be resistant to the diseases in the bay. lmporting Asian oysters would help replenish the bay's oyster stocks.

Third, we need to conduct an educational campaign to convince farmers to grow food with less fertilizer so that less fertilizer runs off and pollutes the bay. When it rains, fertilizers are washed away from fields and into streams and rivers that empty into the bay. Increased concentrations of fertilizers in the seawater upset the balance of the bay's ecosystem. By reducing fertilizer use by farmers who work the farmland near the bay, we can greatly reduce damage tothe bay's marine life.

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Now, listen to part of a lecture on the topic you just read about. The decline of marine populations in the Chesapeake Bay is a serious problem. However, the solutions you read about probably would not work. First, catch limits on crabs are much less likely to be accepted by people than catch limits on striped bass. There's an important difference between fishing for striped bass and fishing for crabs. Striped bass are often fished recreationally just for fun or sport. People interested in striped bass can limit their catch and still have a good time. Crabs, however, are almost entirely captured by professional fishermen who rely on selling crabs to make a living. Imposing limits on the crab catch would have serious negative consequences for these people. This proposal would encounter a lot of resistance. Second, oyster species from other countries may be resistant to local Chesapeake diseases. But introducing them into the ecosystem is a terrible idea. These oysters might carry some other diseases from their native habitat. And these new diseases could have a serious effect on other creatures in the Chesapeake ecosystem. Since there's no way to know the consequences of introducing new species, it's much too risky to try. Finally, educating local farmers has been tried, and it hasn't made much difference because the fertilizer pollution problem really isn't a local problem. Look at the map. The large highlighted area is the Chesapeake Bay drainage area. That means that all the rivers and streams in the highlighted area eventually empty into the bay. This area covers more than 100,000 square kilometers and stretches over six different states. To really reduce fertilizer pollution in the bay, tens of thousands of farmers throughout this whole area, not just those in the small area near the bay, would have to drastically reduce fertilizer use. It's probably impossible to conduct an effective educational campaign on this scale.
问题

Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they cast doubt on the specific solutions proposed in the reading passage.

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  • In the lecture, the professor casts doubt on the reading passage’s idea that strict catch limits, importing Asian oysters, and educating farmers would help restore the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem. The professor asserts that these proposed solutions are either impractical or too risky to be effective.

     

    Firstly, the passage claims that setting strict catch limits on crabs would help restore their declining population, just as similar restrictions helped striped bass recover. By contrast, the professor asserts that the situation with crabs is different. Striped bass are often caught for recreational purposes, so people can accept limits while still enjoying fishing. However, crabs are primarily caught by professional fishermen who depend on selling them for income. Imposing catch limits on crabs would have severe economic consequences and face strong resistance.

     

    Secondly, the author of the passage points out that importing Asian oysters, which are resistant to local diseases, could help replenish the declining oyster population in the bay. However, the lecture notes that introducing a foreign species is highly risky. Asian oysters may carry unknown diseases from their native habitat, which could severely impact other marine creatures in the Chesapeake Bay. Since scientists cannot predict the full consequences of introducing these oysters, the risks outweigh the potential benefits.

     

    Lastly, the reading states that educating local farmers to use less fertilizer would reduce fertilizer runoff into the bay, thereby helping marine life. On the contrary, the professor contends that such educational efforts have already been attempted with little success. The real issue is that the Chesapeake Bay drainage area covers over 100,000 square kilometers and spans six states, meaning fertilizer pollution comes from a vast region. Convincing tens of thousands of farmers across such a large area to drastically reduce fertilizer use is unrealistic.

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