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Ammonite Fossil

Ammonites, a group of marine invertebrates with shells that lived throughout Earth's oceans for several hundred million years, became extinct 65 million years ago. It is known that main cause of their extinction was a giant meteorite that hit Earth. However, the exact details of how the extinction occurred are debated. Several theories about what contributed to the ammonite extinction have been proposed.



Acid Rain

Some scientists suggest that the rain that fell on Earth after the meteorite impact was extremely acidic. Newly hatched the meteorite impact was extremely acidic. Newly hatched ammonite young floated on the ocean's surface and would have been directly exposed to this acid rain, which can break down living tissue. As a result, ammonite young would have been killed off, preventing new generations from being born.





Zooplankton Die-Off

Some recently discovered ammonite fossils reveal that these individuals had jaws designed specifically for catching and eating zooplankton (small sea animals), suggesting that zooplankton was an important food source for the ammonites as a group. The meteorite impact caused a drastic temporary cooling of ocean waters, which would have killed much of the zooplankton. Some scientists propose that as a result of the zooplankton die-off, ammonites lost their main food source and became extract.



Lack of Oxygen

Third, one of the effects of the meteorite impact was a decrease in the photosynthetic activity of small marine plants. Through photosynthesis, marine plants supply seawater with oxygen; when photosynthesis was reduced, seawater became deprived of oxygen, which may have caused the ammonites to suffocate and die.

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Now listen to part of a lecture on the topic you just read about. We know the Ammonite extinction happened, but none of the theories trying to explain the details of how it happened is convincing. Here's why. First, it's unlikely that the rainfall that followed the impact was acidic enough to kill off the Ammonite young. You see, if the rain falling on Earth after the impact had been extremely acidic, it would have severely harmed other organisms, like frogs. Frogs and related organisms live much of their lives in water, and are particularly vulnerable to acidic waters, but frogs and similar water dwelling organisms, which probably would have been killed off by months of harsh acid rain, did not go extinct 65 million years ago. If the rainfall did not kill off these organisms, it's unlikely it killed off the Ammonites. Second we cannot really conclude that all, or even most, ammonites were dependent on zooplankton as a food source. The ammonite fossils with special Jaws you read about belong to only one group of Ammonites. There's no fossil evidence that the many other ammonite groups had these jaws for eating zooplankton, we cannot draw the conclusion that all the Ammonites ate zooplankton based on fossil evidence about just one group, so we can't conclude that the zooplankton die off drove all the Ammonites to extinction. Third ammonites as a group may have actually been able to tolerate low oxygen levels pretty well. You see fossil evidence suggests to us that ammonites had very efficient organs for breathing. These efficient breathing organs functioned well even in environments with a limited supply of oxygen because of their efficient breathing organs and their seeming ability to survive in low oxygen conditions, a lack of oxygen does not seem like a very convincing reason for their extinction in.
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Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they challenge the specific points made in the reading passage.

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