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段落1

NARRATOR

Listen to part of a lecture in an archaeology class.

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段落2

FEMALE PROFESSOR

OK, so, as we know, archaeologists discover objects from past civilizations—

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stuff like old pottery, old tools, even sometimes old bits of fabric...

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and they examine these artifacts to learn about past civilizations.

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But why are some artifacts preserved well enough to last for thousands of years

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while others just wear away and disappear?

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Well, a lot of it has to do with the environmental conditions in the area where the artifacts are found.

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Artifacts are preserved better in environments where the bacteria that cause decay are less likely to grow.

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So let's look at two environmental conditions that discourage bacterial growth

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and thus help preserve archaeological artifacts.

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段落3

One environmental condition that inhibits bacterial growth, and helps preserve artifacts,

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is [slowly] aridity,

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uh, lack of moisture.

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Bacteria that cause decay can't survive well in dry environments,

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and artifacts don't decay as fast in arid climates

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without much moisture.

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So, many of the best-preserved archaeological artifacts have been found in such climates.

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For example, in the deserts of Egypt, archaeologists have found tombs more than two thousand years old

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with brightly colored wall paintings in them.

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And those wall paintings?

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Well, their colors were still as clear and bright as a painting made today.

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段落4

Another environmental condition is lack of oxygen.

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Bacteria, like all living things, depend on oxygen to grow,

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so when there's no oxygen present,

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they can't grow and cause decay.

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So artifacts are usually well preserved when they end up in environments that contain little or no oxygen

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like, for example, the bottom of the ocean,

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which is where archaeologists found an ancient ship that had sunk

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and settled into the mud at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea.

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The ship was carrying vases,

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and the vases were still intact and remarkably well preserved.

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