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This is Scientific American's 60-Second Science. I'm Karen Hopkin. This'll just take a minute.

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When you think about air pollution, you may picture smokestacks belching out noxious black clouds or the gas-guzzling SUVs crowding the highways.

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But different cultures found different ways to foul the atmosphere long before the industrial revolution.

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The latest example of preindustrial pollution comes from Peru almost half a millennium ago.

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To get a read on what humans have been ejecting into the air, researchers pulled ice cores from Quelccaya, a glacier high in the Andes.

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The samples provide an annual archive of elements that have been circulating in the atmosphere stretching back to the year 793.

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Analyzing the core, the researchers found that prior to about 1532 the ice harbored only a sprinkling of dust and ash, remnants of the occasional volcanic eruption.

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But at about the 1540 mark, corresponding with the start of colonial mining and metallurgy, the cores suddenly contain chromium, molybdenum, antimony, and lead.

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The finding is in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

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Of course, these waste products are a proverbial drop in the bucket compared to the toxins we put out today.

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Because we've developed ways to pollute that people back then could have only dreamed of.

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Thanks for the minute, for Scientific American's 60-Second Science. I'm Karen Hopkin.

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