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Listen to part of a lecture in an earth science class.

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Okay, before we finish class, I\'d like to briefly talk about something else.

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Has anyone ever heard of something called flotsam science?

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No. Well, I\'m not surprised.

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It\'s a research method, but one of the more unusual ones out there.

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Now, flotsam, of course, refers to cargo or wreckage from ships that\'s found floating at sea or washed up on shore.

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Flotsam science began quite accidentally, some years ago

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a shipment of plastic bath toys shaped like frogs, ducks and turtles

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fell off a cargo ship into the Pacific Ocean in stormy weather.

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No one thought too much of this.

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It happens all the time.

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But then these toys started to wash up onto beaches 1000s of miles away.

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Scientists who track ocean currents were static.

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Since they knew when and where that spill had occurred

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they realized they could trace the roots these toys had taken as they floated through the Pacific.

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So flotsam science is generally speaking

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the science of floating junk

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but this is a legitimate, if perhaps unconventional scientific discipline.

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In fact, thanks to flotsam science and these traveling bath toys and other harmless stuff that drops off ships

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like athletic shoes, sports equipment, you name it

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scientists now know a lot more than they used to about currents in the Northern Pacific.

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That information, in turn, has allowed scientists to identify long term changes in water temperatures

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and salinity of the amount of salt in the water in these currents

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before flotsam science, scientists had been trying to determine this information years by using expensive scientific devices that they would set adrift in the ocean.

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But there are problems with these devices.

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For one thing, they need to travel at great depths, as much as two kilometers down

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because if they ride on the surface of the ocean, their sensors can become obstructed by algae, barnacles and other organisms

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that thrive in the sunlit upper portion of the ocean.

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But if they travel way below the surface to avoid these obstructions

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well, they don\'t tell you much about the surface movement of the water

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which is what we want to know.

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Another problem is that their batteries don\'t last long enough to record sufficient data

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but bath toys and athletic shoes and this sort of thing

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they travel on the surface, and they don\'t need batteries

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and a lot of merchandise that falls off ships, like athletic shoes

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have manufacturing codes on them that scientists use in tracing the origin of these objects and keeping track of their movements.

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And now scientists are using flotsam science for more than studying ocean currents.

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For example, some scientists are trying to use lots of science

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to study glacial melt water in the warmer summer months.

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From the top layer of a glacier melts, forming pools of melt water.

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So far, it\'s been a challenge to determine just how much is a glacier loses each summer

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or where the meltwater winds up

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because it travels through Moulins.

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A moulin is a giant crack in the glacier that melt water drains through

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and once melt water enters a moulin

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it\'s extremely difficult to track.

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One scientist set out to determine where melt water from a glacier in Greenland ends up

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into which neighboring body of water.

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So what this scientist did is he set a special scientific instrument

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equipped with a tracking device down a moulin in Greenland\'s largest glacier.

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Unfortunately, his rather expensive device disappeared.

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Okay, so what else could be used?

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Now you have to realize that conditions inside these moulins are intense.

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It\'s freezing cold, plus there\'s the high pressure from the weight of all that ice above.

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So what was needed was something really durable.

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He finally decided to use yellow ducks

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a children\'s bath toy

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their advantage being that they\'re both cheap

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and can withstand high pressures and low temperatures.

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Well after printing his email address and an offer of a reward in three different languages on the ducks

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he dropped 90 of them down the Moulin he was researching.

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Now he hasn\'t actually had any of these ducks returned yet

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but he remains hopeful that someone will find a duck and return it to him.

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