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This is Scientific American 60-Second Science. I'm Christopher Intagliata.

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Charles Darwin is, most famously, the author of The Origin of Species.

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But the last book he ever wrote gets far less attention today.

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It's called The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms.

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And earthworms were a passion: he wrote about their habits, their soil-tilling abilities, and even kept pots of worm-filled soil in his study.

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But his fascination was met with ridicule by some.

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"There's a famous cartoon where Darwin as an old man is in the middle.

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And he evolves from monkeys because he was evolutionist and the monkeys evolved from earthworms."

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Olaf Schmidt is a soil ecologist at University College Dublin.

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And not among those who would criticize Darwin for his interests.

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"I love earthworms, earthworms are brilliant.

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They're our friends, they're really important."

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One particularly interesting group of worms, he says, are the so-called "anecic" worms: the deep soil dwellers.

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"And they live all their life in a single vertical channel in the soil.

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And at night they surface," looking for food—manure, straw, stuff like that, "and they pull it into their channels."

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They're big boys.

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Which makes them especially vulnerable to the plow.

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"You know they're so big, so they're chopped, exposed to birds, and their channels are destroyed."

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Schmidt and his colleague Maria Briones analyzed the relationship between tilling and the health of a dozen species of earthworms.

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They looked at 65 years'-worth of farm field studies, spanning the globe.

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And they found that in heavily plowed fields, half the earthworms had disappeared.

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But when farmers switched to no-till or conservation agriculture, worm populations wriggled back to normal numbers after about a decade.

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The study is in the journal Global Change Biology.

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"The plow," Darwin wrote, "is one of the most ancient and most valuable of man's inventions;

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but long before he existed the land was in fact regularly plowed, and still continues to be thus plowed by earthworms."

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And, Schmidt says, just as the worms look after the soil, the flip side's true, too.

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"If you look after the soil, you also look after the earthworms. So it is a good-news story."

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Thanks for listening, for Scientific American 60-Second Science. I'm Christopher Intagliata.

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