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Listen to a conversation between a student and a psychology professor. (male professor) Hi, Johnny, what can I help you with?

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(female student) Well, I’ve been working on my paper on Sigmund Freud and what he said about our minds, how there\'s a part of our minds that\'s conscious like our thoughts, and also an unconscious part that we\'re not in control of, not even aware of?

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(male professor) The idea that most of our behavior comes from our unconscious mind rather than conscious choices.

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(female student) Right. But something\'s been bothering me. (male professor) Oh. What\'s that?

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(female student) Well, how can Freud came to know? I mean, for sure, how the unconscious mind works, I mean, how can you really confirm ideas about the unconscious?

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(male professor) Well, those are great questions. And the answer is you can\'t. (female student) You, you can\'t?

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(male professor) Freud is actually quite controversial in the field of psychology for that very reason, not necessarily among the therapists who are trying to help their patients.

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They often find Freud ideas useful, but more among people who want psychology to be seen as a science. (female student) like who?

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(male professor) Um, people who do psychological research. Freud’s work concerning the unconscious was based on case studies, observations he made about his own patients.

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Since Freud himself was a therapist, he derived his insights from these observations rather than from controlled experiments. So, his method wasn\'t really scientific.

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(female student) Wait, I, I thought Freud was like the father of modern psychology. I mean, when I think of psychology, I think of Freud.

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(male professor) You\'re not wrong. His ideas have become part of our everyday life.

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Just this morning, I was speaking with a colleague, not someone in the psychology department, remind you.

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We were talking about how close the end of the semester is getting.

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(female student) Uh, I know I still have so much work to do before it\'s over.

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(male professor) Well, that\'s what she was saying, too. And the way she phrased it was that she was in denial about the end of the semester.

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Basically, she was saying she\'s not ready to face reality.

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Now, this idea of being in denial originated with Freud. He identified denial as something people do to avoid having to think about unpleasant things.

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But, but it\'s not like she was quoting Freud.

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(female student) She was just familiar with the concept of denial? (male professor) Right.

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(female student) So, you\'re saying that most people rely on Freud\'s ideas without realizing it. But many researchers reject them. Huh, that\'s so weird.

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(male professor) Well, think of it this way. Things have changed a lot in the field of psychology since Freud\'s day.

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We\'ve learned a great deal about the brain and how it gives rise to thoughts and feelings.

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There\'s a lot of information we have now that wasn\'t available to Freud, brain chemistry, brain structure, information that\'s proven useful for therapists as well as researchers.

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