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This is Scientific American 60-Second Earth. I'm David Biello. Your minute begins now.

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What starts an Ice Age?

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Clues exist in the remains of coccolithophores, a type of marine algae with a shell.

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A study finds that some seven million years ago, the algae had to adapt to low levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

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They pulled CO2 from the surrounding seas for photosynthesis as well as bicarbonate, commonly known as baking soda.

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The study is in the journal Nature.

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At that same time, sea surface temperatures were dropping,

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plants that were more efficient at using CO2 came to predominate on land and vast glaciers began to expand on the continents, an Ice Age was underway.

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The low concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere were thus linked to the era's cool climate.

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That situation is now reversed thanks mostly to fossil fuel burning.

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And the change is happening at least 30,000 times faster this time.

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In May, atmospheric concentrations of CO2 touched 400 parts-per-million for the first time in human existence.

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When they touch 500 ppm, the algae might no longer need the bicarbonate trick.

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Your minute is up, for Scientific American 60-Second Earth. I'm David Biello.

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