NARRATOR：

Listen to part of a lecture in a geology class.

MALE PROFESSOR：

As geologists, we examine layers of sediment on the Earth’s surface to [verb] approximate the dates of past geologic time periods.

Uh, sediment, as you know, is material like sand, gravel … fossil fragments … that is transported by natural processes, like wind, water flow, or the movement of glaciers.

So, uh, sediment is transported, and then deposited, and it forms layers on the Earth’s surface over time.

We examine these layers to learn about different geologic time periods, including when they began and ended.

Uh, for example,from about 1.8 million years ago to around 11,000 years ago was the Pleistocene epoch.

The Pleistocene epoch was an ice age.

Uh, during this epoch, sediment was made by the kind of erosion and weathering that happens when the climate is colder.

And part of those sediments are fossils of plants and animals that lived at that time.

The Holocene epoch followed the Pleistocene epoch when the Earth’s climate warmed up around 11,000 years ago.

The Holocene epoch is characterized by different sediments … ones that form when the climate is warmer.

Because the climate changed, the types of plants and animals changed also.

Holocene sediments contain remnants of more recent plants and animals. So it’s pretty easy to differentiate, geologically, between these two epochs.

Now there’s growing evidence that the presence of humans has altered the Earth so much that a new epoch of geologic history has begun … the Anthropocene epoch, a new, human-influenced epoch.

This idea, that we’ve entered a new, Anthropocene epoch, was first proposed in 2002.

The idea is that around the year eighteen hundred C.E., the human population became large enough, around a billion people, that its activities started altering the environment.

This was also the time of the Industrial Revolution, which brought a tremendous increase in the use of fossil fuels, such as coal.

The exploitation of fossil fuels has brought planetwide developments— industrialization, construction,uh, mass transport.

And these developments have caused major changes, like additional erosion of the Earth’s surface and deforestation.

Also, things like the damming of rivers has caused increased sediment production. Not to mention uh, the addition of more carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere.

Naturally, all these changes show up in recent sediments. And these sediments are quite different from pre-year eighteen hundred sediment layers.

Interestingly, there’s some speculation that humans started having a major impact on Earth much earlier, about 8,000 years ago. That’s when agriculture was becoming widespread.

Early farmers started clearing forests, and livestock produced a lot of extra methane.

But I want to stress that this is just a hypothesis.

The idea that early humans could’ve had such a major effect, well … I’m just not sure we can compare it with the Industrial Age.

Geologists in the far future will be able to examine the sediment being laid down today.

Whereas right now we can say that yes, human impact on the Earth is clear, it’ll be future researchers who’ll have a better perspective and will be able to really draw a line between the Holocene and the Anthropocene epochs.