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This is Scientific American 60-Second Science. I'm Cynthia Graber.Got a minute?

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Microbial organisms live in you, on you, in soil, in clouds and below the ocean floor.

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That last batch of single-celled critters is particularly hard to study.

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Not only are the samples difficult to obtain, but they can easily be contaminated with all that other microbial life once we dig them up.

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So researchers had to take special precautions when they investigated microbial life in a coal bed deep below the seafloor near Japan.

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This material was once dry land, but got submerged some 20 million years ago.

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The research team drilled nearly 2,500 meters below the seafloor and brought up samples.

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They carefully avoided contamination and evaluated only the inner portions of the samples, which were protected by the outer parts.

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Analysis found life tenaciously holding on well under the ocean.

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A gram of rich garden soil can hold a billion bacteria, at 2,500 meters below the seafloor a gram of sediment might be home to just a single microbe.

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And those deeply buried organisms are quite different from microbes to be found just under the seafloor.

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In that deep layer, the microbes are most closely related to bacterial groups that thrive in forest soils on land.

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The scientists thus suggest that the deeply buried undersea microbes might be descendants of ones that survived when their terrestrial habitat became flooded.

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Again, that was 20 million years ago.

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The finding is in the journal Science.

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In a commentary in the same issue, Julie Huber of the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole says the fact that there's "a massive buried biosphere" has global importance "with sub-seafloor microbes playing a crucial role in carbon sequestration...and Earth's evolution,

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and likely encompassing staggering metabolic and genetic diversity."

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She adds, "We still have a long way to go in uncovering and understanding microbial life deep beneath the seafloor."

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Thanks for the minute, for Scientific American 60-Second Science.I'm Cynthia Graber.

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