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This is Scientific American's 60-Second Science. I'm Wayt Gibbs. Got a minute?

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British physicist Lord Rayleigh is best known for his discovery of argon and for explaining, in 1871, why the sky is blue.

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But he also puzzled over this:.

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Rayleigh knew that a kettle makes that sound when steam jets through the hole in a thick lid that has a gap in the middle.

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He speculated that the jet becomes unstable inside that gap, setting up an acoustic feedback loop within the gap.

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But he couldn't prove it.

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Now two engineers at Cambridge University claim to have solved the puzzle and proved Rayleigh wrong.

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The work is in the journal Physics of Fluids.

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The engineers found that a kettle actually whistles in two distinct ways.

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It starts off with air vibrating in the gap between the layers of the lid, like when you do this and this.

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But as the pressure builds, vortices of steam peel off from the jet exiting the lid.

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Each vortex creates sound waves at a frequency that depends on the length of the spout and the pressure inside it.

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Rising temperature means rising pressure, which produces a rising whistle.

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Which means it's time for tea.

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Thanks for the minute, for Scientific American's 60-Second Science. I'm Wayt Gibbs.

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