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listen to a conversation between a student and her marine biology professor.

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Sorry to interrupt. Professor Lang,

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looks like you\'re cramming for a test or something.

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Oh, I subscribe to three marine biology journals.

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Advances in my field come fast and furious.

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I have to stay one step ahead of my students.

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So what\'s on your mind, Sarah,

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I wanted you to know that

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letting me take the makeup midterm exam in your office yesterday really meant a lot.

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As I mentioned, both of my parents had to go overseas for conferences last week.

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That almost never happens.

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So I had to go back home on Thursday and Friday to look after my little brother.

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Glad it worked out.

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So what did you think of the midterm?

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I felt pretty confident,

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except for one question,

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maybe because I missed your Thursday lecture.

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Oh, I thought we\'d arrange for you to attend that class session remotely.

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The audiovisual system in the lecture halls allows students to do this, as long as their professor gives them the access code.

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I didn\'t forget to email it to you. Did I?

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No, I got your email and was planning to attend class through my laptop,

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but my brother\'s teacher called that morning.

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He fell on the playground and landed on his elbow.

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Oh, no

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yeah, it wasn\'t serious. But by the time I got back from the doctor\'s office, class was over.

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That\'s a shame. Sarah,

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I haven\'t granted your exam yet, but I\'m curious,

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which question Did you have trouble with?

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I wasn\'t sure about the marine mammals you asked about, like the blue whale,

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why natural selection led it to grow to such a massive size, much bigger than the largest dinosaurs were.

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I wrote that whales grow big because, well, because they can water so liberating.

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Weights just not an issue if you don\'t have to support yourself on legs like land mammals do.

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Yes, that\'s what intuition tells us.

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But, and we did cover this in the class you missed,

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water actually has the opposite effect.

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Water doesn\'t allow mammals to grow big.

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Marine mammals have to be big in order to survive.

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Why? body heat.

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If the mammals were very small, they\'d lose too much body heat too fast.

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They couldn\'t ingest enough calories to keep warm.

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Bigger mammal bodies retain more body heat,

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but there\'s a limit on the upper end of the size spectrum too.

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If the blue whale got any bigger, it wouldn\'t be able to consume enough calories to support its massive body.

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Fish don\'t have this problem, by the way,

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their metabolism differs significantly from that of mammals.

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