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This is Scientific American 60-Second Science. I'm Josh Fischman. Got a minute?

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In last week's pre-Christmas rush, the U.S.Congress slammed together the $1-trillion federal budget bill for 2015, just before funds ran out.

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But the bill wasn't all about the money.

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Congress took advantage of the fiscal scramble to change rules about the environment and energy, which do not belong in appropriation bills.

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Normally such changes are encoded in what are called "laws," and are debated out in the open.

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But the budget bill is a chance for Congress to slip in controversial rules called riders without much debate.

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If members object, the bill stalls, and the government shuts down and no one wants to be blamed for that federal fiasco.

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So the riders gallop in.

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The Environmental Protection Agency got its budget, for instance, but with strings attached:

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although agriculture is a major source of atmospheric methane, the EPA now is prohibited from using its money to require farmers to report greenhouse gas emissions.

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And the agency cannot regulate farm ponds and irrigation ditches under the Clean Water Act.

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In another example, the Department of Agriculture must speed up permits for companies making genetically modified organisms.

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And the feds must loan money to firms to build coal-fired power plants overseas.

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That requirement reverses a previous ban.

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These rules and others last through September 2015, when this budget bill runs out.

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And then, if history is any guide, this whole stealth legislation process starts all over again.

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Thanks for the minute, for Scientific American's 60-Second Science. I'm Josh Fischman.

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