NARRATOR：

Listen to part of a lecture in an architectural history class.

MALE PROFESSOR：

So, last week we started our unit on residential architecture in the United States.

So today we'll be surveying a number of architects who made contributions to residential architecture in the nineteenth century.

Now, it's worth noting that people who designed homes at that time probably had to deal with a certain amount of discouragement, since there were other architects who thought it was more respectable to design the kind of buildings and maybe other structures that were less… less utilitarian in their function.

In fact, an article from an 1876 issue of a journal called The American Architect and Building News stated that-and this is a quote-they stated that "the planning of houses isn't architecture at all…"!

So keep that journal article in mind as we look at the work of an architect named Harriet Morrison Irwin.

Harriet Morrison Irwin was from the South, born in North Carolina in 1828.

At the time, there weren't many architects from the southern United States, and, as you might imagine, very few of them were women.

So, Irwin was really a pretty exceptional case.

And she wasn't even formally trained as an architect-her educational background was in literature.

Yes, Vicky?

FEMALE STUDENT：

So, she just had, like, a natural gift for architecture?

MALE PROFESSOR：

Yes. She was actually a writer for several years… but she did have a penchant for math and engineering, so… she read a lot about it on her own.

Um, especially the architectural essays written by the British critic, John Ruskin.

[leading] And John Ruskin believed… what?

FEMALE STUDENT：

Um, that buildings should have a lot of access to the outdoors…to nature.

Ruskin said that being close to nature was great for people's mental and physical health.

MALE PROFESSOR：

Right. So, that was an influence.

Now, Harriet Irwin's contribution to architecture was… relatively minor, but still quite interesting and unique.

She designed a house with a hexagonal shape. Josh?

MALE STUDENT：

[slightly confused] A house with six sides…instead of the standard,y'know, four-sided home?

MALE PROFESSOR：

Yeah. The rooms inside the house were also hexagonal, six-sided.

So, one important thing was that the rooms were arranged around a chimney in the center of the house, which could provide heat for the whole house, through flues, ah, small air passageways into each room.

As opposed to having a, uh, fireplace in every room, which would require more cleaning and make the air inside the house dirtier.

The house's shape also allowed for more windows…each room had a large wall that could fit a couple of big windows, giving every room a nice view of the outdoors.

FEMALE STUDENT：

Plus, there'd be good airflow through the house.

MALE PROFESSOR：

Yes, in warm weather when you can open all the windows.

Good. The doors to the house, as well…um, the house didn't have a "main entrance" or any hallways.

So, there could be a couple of entry doors in different places, which, like the windows, provided ready access to the outdoors.

So, what other advantages might there be to hexagonal rooms? [no takers]

OK… think about cleaning. What part of a room is usually the hardest to clean, like, to sweep, with a broom?

MALE STUDENT：

Oh… the corners!

Because in square or rectangular rooms,the corners are at ninety-degree angles.

It's hard to reach all the dust that gathers in the corners.

[reasoning it out] But if Irwin's rooms were closer to a circle than a square, it'd be easier to reach all the dust and dirt with a broom… Right?

MALE PROFESSOR：

Exactly.

[shifting topic] Now… um, biographers who wrote about Irwin in the nineteenth century, I feel sorta downplayed the ingenuity of her design.

But I think if she had designed this house today, those same biographers would praise her for coming up with a floor plan that emphasized function… efficient function of a house, as well as a design that's creative and unique.

In any case, three houses were built in Irwin's time that used her hexagonal design.

And, in 1869, when she was 41, Irwin became the first woman in the United States to receive a patent for an architectural design.

And that speaks volumes, if you ask me.