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This is Scientific American 60-Second Science. I'm Julia Rosen. Got a minute?

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The Maldives form a constellation of almost 1,200 coral reef islands in the Indian Ocean.

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They have stunning white sand beaches surrounded by emerald blue water.

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And according to a new study, they may owe their existence to parrotfish.

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More specifically: to parrotfish poop.

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If you've ever snorkeled near a coral reef, you've probably seen neon-colored parrotfish.

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Their name refers to their sharp, beak-like teeth.

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You may have heard them too.

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That's a parrotfish literally eating the reef's coral skeleton.

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It bites off tiny pieces of hard coral as it forages for algae.

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"That gets taken into the fish.

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It's then milled.

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And it passes through their intestines and it's then excreted out the back end as clouds of sediment."

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Chris Perry, a marine geoscientist at the University of Exeter in the UK.

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"And that is then distributed onto the reef.

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And it's a way, at least in this system and elsewhere parrotfish are abundant that you can convert coral substrate into sediment grade material."

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In 2013, Perry and colleagues went to the Maldives to find out how the reef, which grows underwater, generates sediments that pile up, forming islands that rise above the water's surface.

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The team discovered that parrotfish play a critical role in this process: their waste accounts for a whopping 85% of all the sand produced on the reef.

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"If you spend time on the reefs and you're following the parrotfish around, it's absolutely incredible how much sediment they're producing.

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So when you're got large populations of them, they can be very important in this respect."

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The new results suggest that protecting parrotfish populations is essential for maintaining the Maldives, which already face threats from rising seas.

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"If you take the parrotfish out of these systems you would basically be shutting down a very significant amount of the sort of supply chain for island-building sediment."

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By the way, the beautiful white sand beaches in parts of Hawaii?

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Also largely parrotfish poop.

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Think about that next time you're spreading out your towel in Oahu.

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Thanks for the minute, for Scientific American 60-Second Science. I'm Julia Rosen.

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