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This is Scientific American 60-Second Science. I'm Cynthia Graber. Got a minute?

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The Tibetan Plateau, at an altitude of some 3000 meters above sea level, is often called the 'roof of the world.'

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Some prehistoric people tried living there starting about 20,000 years ago.

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Remains of cooked animals and small-scale hearths show that a few hardy souls did give the harsh region a go, at least temporarily.

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But they did not stick around.

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Permanent human settlements in the area began about 5,200 years ago.

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So scientists wanted to know. What changed?

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Researchers collected artifacts, animal bones and plant remains from 53 sites.

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The oldest camps only reached altitudes of about 2,500 meters.

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And at these sites, millet makes up 98 percent of dietary grain.

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But about 3,600 years a new kind of barley arrived in the region, after being domesticated in the Fertile Crescent that spread from the Persian Gulf to the Nile.

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The new barley tolerated frost and had a longer growing season.

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Which means it grew above the 3000 meter mark and that people could settle there.

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Diets at those heights became dominated by the new, hardy barley.

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The findings are in the journal Science.

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The researchers say that the cross-cultural grain exchange from the Fertile Crescent thus appears to be what allowed humans to finally reach the roof of the world.

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Thanks for the minute, for Scientific American 60-Second Science. I'm Cynthia Graber.

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