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段落1

NARRATOR

Listen to a lecture from a biology class.

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段落2

FEMALE PROFESSOR

So, we've been talking about how animals have developed different ways of surviving.

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And one way is from having developed special physical characteristics that help protect them from the dangers in their environment.

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These are known as protective adaptations, and there are two different kinds.

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Some animals have defensive adaptations . . . and that means they protect themselves by having body structures that make it hard for predators to get at them.

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And other animals have offensive adaptations,

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body structures that keep predators away.

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段落3

Alright, let's start with the turtle . . .

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it's a good example of an animal with a defensive adaptation.

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Since you've probably all seen turtles, you already know that it has a hard shell that covers its back and vital organs.

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Its shell is its special physical characteristic

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and it's so strong, it won't break or split open, making it very hard for a predator to get at it.

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The turtle also has a flexible neck, so it can pull its head down under its shell.

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Its legs can also fold up under the shell and provide more protection still.

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段落4

Alright, but now let's talk about the porcupine . . .

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that's an animal that protects itself with an offensive adaptation by threatening a predator with physical harm.

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Um, in case you haven't seen a porcupine recently,

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just imagine an animal with a small body that is covered with thousands of long, sharp needle-like quills.

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Those quills are its special physical characteristic.

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So whenever a predator gets too near . . . when it brushes against the porcupine, these sharp quills come loose and become embedded in the predator's skin.

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So predators know enough to stay away because they see the porcupines' threatening quills and they don't want to risk being hurt by them.

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