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This is Scientific American 60-Second Science. I'm Sophie Bushwick. Got a minute?

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The Arctic wasn't always covered in ice.

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Samples of sediment layers beneath a frozen lake show this region used to be a lot warmer, and may thaw out again in the future.

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The work is in the journal Science.

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El'gygytgyn, a Russian lake 100 kilometers north of the Arctic Circle, contains layers of sediment that date back to the lake's formation 3.6 million years ago.

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Analyses of sediment cores have revealed that back then summers reached about 15 to 16 degrees Celsius, a good 8 degrees warmer than modern Arctic summers.

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These warm temperatures, which supported plants like Douglas fir and hemlock, lasted until about 2.2 million years ago.

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Using a sediment core as a detailed history of climate change, scientists can see how the forested Arctic gradually became covered in ice and snow.

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These changes help us understand details about the development of Ice Ages.

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In addition, the sediment comes from a window of time during the Pliocene Epoch,

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when greenhouse gas levels were only slightly higher than they are today.

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Such sensitivity to small carbon dioxide changes hint at a warm Arctic future

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Thanks for the minute, for Scientific American 60-Second Science. I'm Sophie Bushwic.

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