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段落1

NARRATOR

Listen to a conversation between a student and a professor.

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旁白:听下面一段学生和老师间的对话。

段落2

MALE STUDENT

Hi, Professor Anderson. That was a really interesting lecture in class today.

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学生:你好,汉德森教授!今天你的课真的是太精彩了!

段落3

FEMALE PROFESSOR

Thanks, Tom.Yeah, animals' use of deception… ways they play tricks on other animals ... that's a fascinating area. One we're really just starting to understand.

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教授:谢谢,汤姆。嗯,动物对欺骗的使用,以及他们如何欺骗别的动物,是一个很有趣的研究领域,而且我们也才刚刚起步。

段落4

MALE STUDENT

Yeah.You know, selective adaptations over time are one thing... oh, like uh, nonpoisonous butterflies that have come to look like poisonous ones...

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学生:是的,一段时间内的选择性适应就是其中一个方面,譬如,嗯,无毒的蝴蝶,会在一段时间内,渐渐看上去跟有毒的类型一个样了。

But the idea that animals of the same species intentionally deceive each other... I'd never heard that before.

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但是,某些动物会刻意欺骗他们同类的这个想法,我之前从来没有听说过。

段落5

Right, like . . .[thinking of another example] uh, like-there are male frogs who lower their voices and <em class="nice-card js-hover-card">end up</em> sounding bigger than they really are.

FEMALE PROFESSOR

Right, like . . .[thinking of another example] uh, like-there are male frogs who lower their voices and end up sounding bigger than they really are.

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教授:好吧,我举一个例子,比如,雄性青蛙在鸣叫的时候,会降低鸣叫的音高,使得最终发出的声音比实际的要大。

段落6

MALE STUDENT

[uttered as a statement, not a question]So they do that to keep other frogs from invading their territory.

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学生:这样的话,他们就能保卫自己的领地,使得别的青蛙不敢侵犯吗?

段落7

FEMALE PROFESSOR

Right. Bigger frogs have deeper voices, so if a smaller frog can imitate that deep voice,well...

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教授:对的,个头越大的青蛙,鸣叫的声音音高也就越低,所以,如果小个儿的青蛙能够模仿这种叫声的话,嗯…

段落8

MALE STUDENT

Yeah, I can see how that might do the trick.

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学生:好的,我能猜到他们是怎样做到的。

But uh...anyway ... what I wanted to ask was, when you started talking about game theory, well, I know a little bit about it, but I'm not clear about its use in biology.

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但是,我真正想知道的是,你提到过的博弈论,嗯,我虽然知道一点,但我不知道它在生物学上的应用。

段落9

FEMALE PROFESSOR

Yeah...it's fairly new to biology.

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教授:是这样的,这个理论对于生物学还是非常新的。

Basically, it uses math to predict what an individual will do under certain circumstances.

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基本上说,它依靠数学计算来预计某个个体在某一种特定环境下的反应。

For example- [brief pause, thinking of example]a business sells ... oh, computers, say.

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比如说,做生意吧,比如买电脑。

And they want to sell their computers to a big university. But there's another company bidding, too. So what should they do?

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如果电脑商想要把电脑卖给一个规模大的大学,而另一个公司也在竞标。这样的话,他们会怎么做呢?

段落10

MALE STUDENT

[continuing the line of thought not venturing a guess]Well, try to offer the lowest price so they can compete, but still make money.

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学生:嗯,在能够赚钱的前提下,相互竞争,给出尽量低的价格。

段落11

FEMALE PROFESSOR

Right, they're competing-like a game, like the frogs.

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教授:答对了,他们会竞争,就像一场游戏一样,就像我们刚才讲的青蛙一样。

There're risks with pricing too high, the other company might get the sale ... there's also the number and type of computers to consider.

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如果给的标价太高,另一家公司就会拿下订单;而且,他们还要考虑出售电脑的数量和种类。

Each company has to find a balance between the costs and benefits.

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每家公司都要在成本和盈利之间争取平衡。

Well, game theory creates mathematical models that analyze different conditions like these to predict outcomes.

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而博弈论呢,可以帮助他们建立起数学模型,并以之分析不同条件下可能的结果会是怎样的。

段落12

MALE STUDENT

OK, I-I get that. But how does it apply to animals?

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学生:好的,我懂了!但这个理论是怎样用在动物上的呢?

段落13

FEMALE PROFESSOR

Well...You know, if you're interested in this topic, it would be perfect for your term paper.

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教授:嗯,如果你真的对这个东西感兴趣的话,它很适合作为你的学期论文题目。

段落14

MALE STUDENT

[Unenthusiastically] The literature review?

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学生:您说的是哪个文献综述作业吗?

段落15

FEMALE PROFESSOR

Yeah. Find three journal articles about this . . . or another topic that interests you...and discuss them.

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教授:是的,它要你找出三本不同杂志上相关的、令你感兴趣的观点,然后你对这些观点进行讨论。

If there's a conflict in the conclusions or something...that'd be important to discuss.

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如果三本杂志上的说法有冲突的话,那么这个矛盾的地方就有必要讨论了。

段落16

MALE STUDENT

[Pessimistic, doesn’t think he can do it]Well, from what I've looked at dealing with game theory... I can't say I understand much of the statistics end.

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学生:嗯,从我现在知道的关于博弈论的文献来看的话,里面涉及的许多统计学结论我都不太明白。

段落17

FEMALE PROFESSOR

Well, I can point you to some that present fairly basic studies... that don't assume much background knowledge.

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教授:嗯,我可以交给你一些非常简单的基础知识,不需要太多背景你就能懂的那种。

You'll just need to answer a few specific questions... what was the researchers' hypothesis ... what did they want to find out.

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你特别有必要搞清楚这样几个问题:研究者的假设是什么?他们想要得出什么样的结果?

And how did they conduct their research... and then the conclusions they came to.

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他们是怎么进行他们的研究的?他们得出了怎样的结论。

Learning to interpret the statistics will come later.

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之后才涉及到你如何解读那些统计数据的问题。
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