考满分 toefl

1 .Listen to part of a lecture in an art history class. The professor is discussing the history of photography in the United States.

请听一段艺术史课上的讲座片段。教授正在讨论美国的摄影史。

2 .P: So how many of you in the class are photographers?

教授：班上有多少同学是摄影师？

3 .S: Well, I take lots of pictures, but I wouldn't really consider myself an actual photographer. I just pretty much point and click.

学生：嗯，我拍很多照片，但我不认为自己是个真正的摄影师。我基本上就是对准拍摄对象然后按下快门

1 .P: Okay, so we tend to think of creating art as something that's not so easy, right? So when the first handheld cameras came on the market towards the end of the 1800s. Photography became a sort of commonplace activity, something anyone could do. Well, then there were some consequences for the art of photography. The view was that painters chose what to put on the canvas and made use of a technical skill with control over the brush, material and subject matter, but amateur photographers just copied exactly what was seen through the lens without any personal embellishments. So photography was seen as less of an art, less of a craft than painting.

教授：好的，我们通常认为艺术创作不是件容易的事，对吧？因此19世纪末首款手持相机上市时，摄影变成了某种很常见的活动，任何人都能参与进来。这对摄影艺术产生了一些影响。当时普遍认为，画家会选择画布上的内容，并通过控制画笔、材料和主题来展现技术能力，而业余摄影师只是原样复制镜头所见，没有任何个人修饰。因此摄影被认为不如绘画艺术性强，工艺价值也更低。

1 .S: But I mean, there definitely can be a lot more to it than that. P: Well, at least one person agreed with you, an American photographer named Alfred Stieglitz. Stieglitz felt that it was up to serious photographers to express their artistry through the medium, to separate themselves from amateur enthusiasts. This movement in the late 18, early 1900s that Stiglitz was involved in to emphasize the craft and the emotional impact of an image, rather than its scene, was called pictorialism, and its practitioners were called pictorialists.

学生：但我觉得摄影绝对可以包含更多内涵。 教授：至少有一个人同意你的观点，美国摄影师阿尔弗雷德·施蒂格利茨。他认为一个严谨的摄影师有责任通过这种媒介展现艺术性，与业余爱好者区别开来。施蒂格利茨在19世纪末20世纪初参与推动的这场运动，被称为画意摄影主义，实践者被称为画意摄影师，强调图像的工艺技巧和情感冲击力而非单纯的场景记录。

1 .Pictorialists used many different means to manipulate their photographs before and after they were shot to achieve certain effects. For instance, pictorialists combine images from different pictures into one photograph. They also might scratch or paint over the negative, which can have a really interesting effect on the finished product.

画意摄影师在拍摄前后采用多种手段处理照片，以达到特定的效果。例如，他们会将不同照片的图像合成一张照片，还会在底片上刮擦或绘画，这些手法会对成品产生非常有趣的视觉效果。

2 .Another frequently used technique was what's called Soft Focus. Basically, the outline of the subject stays sharp, but the images inside the outlines blurred slightly, resulting in a sort of Misty, a sort of dreamy effect. Let's look at an 1892 photograph by Stieglitz called The Terminal. Do you see how the overall picture has generally muted shades while still maintaining a high contrast between dark and light? Stieglitz did this to maintain an atmospheric feel to the photograph, one where the emotions of the setting were brought out by contrast, but where overall the photograph remains soft, ambient.

另一个常用技术是所谓的"柔焦"。基本特点是主体轮廓保持清晰，但轮廓内部的图像略微模糊，产生雾蒙蒙的梦幻效果。我们来看施蒂格利茨1892年的作品《终点站》。你们注意到整幅照片虽然保持了明暗之间的强烈对比，但整体色调普遍偏柔和吗？施蒂格利茨这样做是为了保持照片的氛围感：通过对比突显场景情感，同时整体仍保持柔和的环境光效。

3 .S: Yeah, the steam, uh, that's coming up off the horses, that really adds to that dreamy atmosphere too.

学生：是的，马匹身上升腾的蒸汽也增强了那种梦幻氛围。

1 .P: Absolutely, the steam generates a sense of atmosphere. A device that pictorialists use to mimic the brushstrokes in a painting. Also, uh, notice how the scenes arranged. Subject composition is another technique that pictorialists use to give their photographs an expressive quality. See how the man has his back toward the viewer. If he were turned around, the picture would be more about him. We'd naturally focus on his face. Instead, we focus equally on the surroundings.

教授：完全正确，蒸汽营造出氛围感。这是画意摄影师用来模仿绘画笔触的手段。此外注意场景的构图。主题构成是画意摄影师赋予照片表现力的另一技巧。注意人物是背对观众的。如果他转身面对，这张照片的重点就会变成他本人，我们自然会关注他的面部表情。现在我们的注意力平均分布在环境上。

2 .My last point involves the actual content of the photo. It may not immediately jump out at you. The world has changed a bit since the late 1800s, but the scene depicted in the terminal was rather commonplace, an everyday occurrence, and that was actually progressive. The idea that art, or to include the, the ordinary, and not just important events or people, was a growing idea outside of photography as well. Yes. Kevin?

最后要说的是照片的实际内容。你们可能没有立刻就注意到这一点，毕竟世界从19世纪末以来已经有很大变化，但《终点站》描绘的是当时相当普通的日常场景，这种表现普通生活的理念其实是具有进步的。将艺术视角扩展到平凡事物，而不仅是重大事件或人物，这种理念当时在摄影之外的领域也逐渐兴起。凯文？

1 .S: yeah, you know, looking at the photo, I'm kind of struck by how it resembles an impressionist painting. I guess maybe because of the steam and the soft focus.

学生：看着这张照片，我突然发现它很像印象派绘画。可能是因为蒸汽和柔焦效果。

2 .P: that's an excellent point. And in fact, the soft focus, the use of steam, the general glow. This was a style borrowed from the Impressionist paintings, which were popular at the time, where the use of color and light trumped the need for an accurate representation of the subject.

教授：这个观察非常精准。事实上，柔焦技术、蒸汽运用和整体光晕效果，都是借鉴当时流行的印象派绘画风格——强调色彩与光线运用而非对主体的精确再现。

1 .So back to Stieglitz. He was an artist, but he was also an editor and gallery owner. He actually started a group called the photo secession to reach out to similar minded photographers to, uh, to band together to share their work jointly with the rest of the world. And well, he apparently had a rather overbearing personality. He made some enemies. His personality even apparently caused a few photographers to leave their group. But this strong personality may also be what drove him to make an impact. And although the movement itself was somewhat short lived, the impact pictorialism had on photography and its perception as an art form is undeniable.

说回到施蒂格利茨，他既是艺术家，也是一名编辑和画廊主。他创立了名为"摄影分离派"的组织，聚集志同道合的摄影师共同向世界展示作品。不过据说他个性专横，树敌不少，甚至导致部分摄影师退出团体。但这种强势性格可能也推动他产生了重要影响。尽管这场运动持续时间不算长，但画意摄影主义对摄影艺术及其作为艺术形式的认知产生了不可否认的影响。