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第1段
1 .<-NARRATOR:->Listen to part of a lecture in an American History class.
旁白：听一段美国历史课上的讲座。
第2段
1 .<-FEMALE PROFESSOR:->We have been talking about the transformation...the industrialization of United States economy in 19th century.
教授：我们一直在讲转型——19世纪美国经济的工业化。
2 .As the country shifted from an agricultural to an industrial base, political power shifted, too.
随着这个国家从一个农业国转变成一个工业国，其政治权利也发生了改变。
3 .Businesses became... a lot of power went...went...went...went from the government into the hands of business leaders.
企业成为......很多权利从政府转移到了商业领袖的手里。
第3段
1 .So, why did this happen?
为什么会发生这种情况呢？
2 .How did an elite group, a few business giants, how did they end up dominating, controlling a number of important national industries in the last quarter of the 19th century?
一群精英人士，几个商业大亨是如何在19世纪最后二十几年获得支配控制一大批重要的国家产业的权利的呢？
3 .How did they get to be so dominant?
他们如何变得如此有优势的？
4 .How did they figure out?
他们怎么做到的？
5 .How did they take advantage of the new industrialization of American society?
他们是如何利用美国社会的新工业化的呢？
第4段
1 .Well, [slight pause] consider the example of Andrew Carnegie and the steel industry.
我们来看看Andrew Carnegie和钢铁产业的例子吧。
第5段
1 .We have already discussed the development of a national network...a national system of railroads.
我们已经讨论过了一个全国网络......全国铁路系统的发展。
2 .Well, this growth created a tremendous demand for steel; a national railroad system needs a lot of railroad tracks, right?
这种发展产生了对钢铁的巨大需求，全国性的铁路系统需要很多铁轨，对吧？
3 .And Carnegie seized the opportunity. He built the world's most modern steel mill.
而Carnegie抓住了这次机会。他建造了当时世界上最现代的钢铁厂。
4 .And he came up with a system of business organization called vertical integration.
并提出了一个叫做纵向一体化的商业组织体制。
第6段
1 .Vertical integration just means that...all...every single activity of a particular industry's processing is performed by a single company.
纵向一体化的意思是......每个特定行业的每一项活动都是由同一家公司进行的。
2 .In the case of the steel industry, this means [listing] the mining of iron ore, the transportation used to get ore from the mine to the mill, turning the ore into the steel, the manufacturing process, and sales.
就钢铁行业而言，这意味着铁矿的开采、将矿石从矿场运到工厂使用的交通，把矿石炼成铁，制造加工和出售。
3 .Carnegie controlled all of these, he practiced Vertical Integration on such a large scale that he practically owned the whole steel industry.
Carnegie控制了所有这些活动，他实行纵向一体化的规模非常大，以至于整个钢铁行业几乎都是他的。
4 .This of course gave him a lot of political clout.
这当然给他带来了很多政治势力。
5 .Just a quick sketch, but you get the idea, right?
我们就简单介绍一下，但是你们听懂了我的意思，对吧？
第7段
1 .Here is another example—John D. Rockefeller. Rockefeller owned an oil refinery, but he wanted to expand his business.
还有另外一个例子，John D.Rockefeller，Rockefeller曾拥有一座石油精炼厂，但是他想扩大生意。
2 .Since there was lots of competition in the industry, he thought the smart way to go about it would be to buy his competitors' businesses.
由于当时该行业的竞争十分激烈，他认为明智的做法是收购竞争对手的业务。
3 .But, at the time, it was illegal for one corporation to control another.
但是在当时一家公司控制另一家公司是违法的。
4 .So, what he did was, he created an organizational structure called a trust.
所以他的做法是，他创建了一个叫做信托的组织结构。
5 .A trust is... well I don't have to go into that now, what matters is that a trust created a single, central management team, and that team directed the activities of what otherwise still appeared to be independent companies.
信托是......现在不用讲这个，重要的是，信托创造出了一个单独的集中管理团队，那个团队指导了原本仍应是独立的公司进行的活动。
第8段
1 .This new...uh...legal entity worked so well that at one point Rockefeller controlled 90% of the country's oil refineries, which again gave him lots of political power.
这个新的合法组织工作得特别出色，以至于Rockefeller曾一度控制了美国90%的石油精炼厂，这同样也给他带来了很多政治权力。
第9段
1 .So you've got two different approaches to expanding a business, and both were quite effective.
所以我们讲了两种不同的扩张生意的方法，这两种都非常有效。
2 .Of course, these weren't the only two examples; a number of big businesses run by powerful individuals developed across a wide range of industries, like railroads, food processing, electricity, but what they all had in common was: the government let them operate pretty much how they wanted to.
当然了，这些不是仅有的两个例子；很多有权势的人经营的大企业都跨了很多行业发展，比如铁路、食品加工、电力，但他们的共同点是：政府基本上都让他们按照自己的想法运营。
第10段
1 .So why did they do that?
他们为什么这么做呢？
2 .Why did the government keep such a low profile and allow individuals to gain so much control of the industries?
政府为什么如此低调，允许个人得到对各行业这么大的控制权呢？
3 .Well, obviously, they had the wealth and the power to influence political leaders.
显然，他们有足以影响政治领袖的财富和权势。
第11段
1 .But also, the truth is that these industry leaders made a significant contribution.
还有，事实是这些行业领袖做出了重要贡献。
2 .Their investments in technologies led to the development of many new production techniques, which strengthened the economy.
他们在技术方面的投资带来了很多新的生产技术的发展，增强了经济。
3 .And many of them gave lots of money to charity, andrew Carnegie was particularly admired for his generosity.
而且他们中很多人都花了很多钱做慈善，Andrew Carnegie就因他的慷慨备受钦佩。
第12段
1 .But there was one thing in particular that gave them power, and that's... they were beneficiaries, probably the biggest beneficiaries of a theory, a dominant political theory in the 19th century, something called laissez-faire doctrine.
但有一件事尤其给他们带来了权力，那就是他们是受益者......可能是一个理论的最大受益者，这个政治理论在19世纪特别盛行，叫做放任政策（laissez-faire doctrine）。
第13段
1 .Laissez-faire roughly means "let it alone" and that pretty much summarized the theory's philosophy.
laissez-faire大约就是放任的意思，而那基本上就总结了这个理论的原则。
2 .The idea was that government should leave business alone, allow it to operate unregulated.
这个理论的思想是政府应该对商业持放任不管的态度，让它不受调控地运行。
3 .Legislators weren't supposed to pass a lot of laws, or worry about regulating business practices.
立法者不应该制定很多法律，或者操心调控商业操作。
4 .When people did challenge a company's business conduct, I mean, I mean, in court cases, well, the few laws that did exist were usually interpreted in favor of business interests.
当人们质疑一家公司的商业行为时，我是说在法庭上，存在的几部法律通常都按照有利于企业利益的角度被解读。
第14段
1 .But over time, it started becoming increasingly obvious and troubling to the public that some of these big companies simply had too much control.
但是随着时间流逝，一些大公司的控制权过大对公众来说开始变得越来越明显和令人不安。
2 .There were criticisms that owners had too much opportunity to exploit workers, workers and consumers, because they could control prices and wages.
有些人批评道，大公司老板有过多的机会压榨工人，工人和消费者，因为他们能控制价格和薪酬。
3 .And small business owners and small farmers couldn't compete.
而小公司老板和小农场主无法与他们竞争。
第15段
1 .So there was bad press, bad publicity, enough that the government eventually felt it had to do something.
所以负面报道，负面宣传足够多到终于让政府感觉必须采取措施了。
2 .So it passed two key pieces of legislation.
所以它通过了两个关键的法律。
3 .One law was designed to regulate the prices set by the railroads.
一条法律是设计来调控铁路设定的价格。
4 .Another made it illegal for trusts to be used to limit competition.
另一条将使用信托限制竞争的行为定为了非法的。
5 .Both were aimed squarely at reducing the exclusive control that existed in some industries.
这两条法律都旨在直接减少存在于一些行业的专属控制。