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1 .This is Scientific American 60-Second Earth. I'm David Biello. Your minute begins now.
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2 .As Charles Darwin knew, earthworms enrich the soil.
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3 .But they also increase greenhouse gas emissions.
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4 .That's according to a meta-analysis in the journal Nature Climate Change.
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5 .Soil scientists and biologists reviewed 57 studies to see how earthworms affected the soil from a climate change perspective.
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6 .The issue is substantive: nearly a fifth of global carbon dioxide emissions come from soil.
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7 .And earthworms are on the move, spreading anew through North America for the first time in tens of thousands of years after being brought over by European colonists.
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8 .All that soil digestion in the guts of worms means more CO2 and more nitrous oxide emanating from the dirt.
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9 .The presence of earthworms increased N2O emissions by more than 40 percent.
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10 .And laughing gas is also a potent greenhouse gas.
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11 .Worms also upped soil CO2 emissions, though it remains unclear whether this is a short-term effect likely to be balanced out by all the carbon that earthworms bury over the longer term.
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12 .But that doesn't mean that earthworms don't play an important part in the history of the world, just as Darwin suggested, especially as the climate changes.
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13 .Your minute is up, for Scientific American 60-Second Earth. I'm David Biello,
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