考满分 toefl

1 .<-NARRATOR:->Listen to part of a lecture in an anthropology class.

旁白：听一段人类学课堂上的讲座。

1 .<-FEMALE PROFESSOR:->So we've been discussing 16th century native American life and today we're gonna focus on the Iroquois and Huron peoples, um they lived in the northeastern Great Lakes region of North America.

教授：我们一直都在讨论16世纪美洲原住民的生活，今天我们准备来讨论一下Iroquois和Hooray人，他们住在北美东北地区的五大湖区。

2 .Now, back then, their lives depended on the natural resourses of the forests especially the birch tree.

当时他们的生活主要依赖森林中的自然资源，尤其是白桦树。

3 .The birch tree can grow in many different types of soils and is prevalent in that area.

白桦树可以在很多不同类型的土壤中生长并且在那个区域十分普遍。

4 .Now can anyone here describe the birch tree.

有没有人能描述一下白桦树？

1 .<-MALE STUDENT:->Umm, they’re tall? And…white? The bark, I mean.

学生：它们很高？树皮很白？

1 .<-FEMALE PROFESSOR:->Yes, the birch tree has white bark and this tough protective out layer of the tree is white bark, is waterproof.

教授：是的。桦树有着白色的树皮，这种坚硬的保护外皮是防水的。

2 .And this waterproof quality of the bark, always made it useful for making things like cooking containers and a variety of utensils.

树皮防水的特性使它经常拿来用作烹饪容器，各种各样的器具。

3 .And if you peel birch bark in the winter––we call it the “winter bark” ––another layer a tougher inner layer of the tree, adheres to the bark, producing a stronger material…so the “winter bark” was used for larger utensils and containers

而且如果你在冬天剥去白桦树的树皮，我们叫它“冬树皮”，另外一层更加坚硬的紧贴树皮的树层可以生产出更强硬的材料，所以冬树皮就作为更大的器具和容器了。

1 .<-MALE STUDENT:->Um,I know people make utensils out of wood, but…[skeptical] utensils out of the tree bark.

学生：嗯，我知道人们用木头做器具，但是用树皮做器皿？

1 .<-FEMALE PROFESSOR:->Well, birch bark is pliable and very easy to bend.

教授：是这样，桦树皮柔韧性很强极易弯曲。

2 .The native Americans would cut the bark and fold it into any shape they needed, then secure with cords until it dried.

美洲原住民经常切断树皮并且把它们折成各种需要的形状，然后再用绳子固定，直到它们彻底干燥下来。

3 .They could fold the bark into many shapes.

他们能把树皮做成千奇百怪的形状。

1 .<-FEMALE STUDENT:->So if they cooked in bowls made of birch bark, wouldn't that make the food taste funny?

学生：那么他们要是用桦树皮做成的碗做饭，食物的味道是不是会尝起来怪怪的？

1 .<-FEMALE PROFESSOR:->Oh that's one of the great things about birch bark.

教授：这恰恰是桦树皮的一大优点。

2 .The taste of the birch tree doesn't get transferred to the food—so it was perfect for cooking containers.

桦树皮的味道并不会浸到食物里面，所以它可以作为理想的炊具。

1 .But the most important use of the bark by far was the canoe.

但是树皮最重要的用途是作为独木舟。

2 .Since the northeast region of the north American is interconnected by many streams and water ways, water transportation by vessels like canoe was most essential.

由于北美的东北区域处在河流航道交汇的地带，水上运输像独木舟这样的船运就显得尤为重要。

3 .The paths through the woods were often over-grown so water travel was much faster.

通过树林的小径通常是杂草丛生的，因此水流要快很多。

4 .And here is what the native Americans did…they would peel large sheets of the bark from the trees to form light-weight yet sturdy canoes.

美洲原住人是这么做的，他们削掉大块的树皮做成轻而坚固的独木舟。

5 .The bark was stretched over frames made from tree branches, stitched together and sealed with resin—you know that the sticky liquid that comes out of the tree—and when it dries, it's watertight.

树皮在用树枝做好的框架中进行延展，然后缝合在一起，用树脂密封好，就是那些从树中流出的黏黏的液体，当它干了以后就不漏水了。

1 .One great thing about this birch bark canoe was they could carry a large amount of cargo.

这种桦树皮独木舟的一大优点就是它们可以载大量的货物。

2 .For example, a canoe weighing about 50 pounds could carry up to 9 people and 250 pounds of cargo.

比如说，一只重约50磅的独木舟可以载多达9人加上250磅的货物。

1 .<-FEMALE STUDENT:->Wow, but how far could they travel that way?

学生：太妙了，但是这样的话它们能开多远？

1 .<-FEMALE PROFESSOR:->Well, like I said, the northeastern region is interconnected by rivers and streams and the ocean at the coast.

教授：嗯，就像我说的，东北地区处在河流汇集区域并且临海。

2 .The canoes allowed them to travel over a vast area that today we take a few hours to fly over.

这些木舟使得他们可以穿越大面积区域，这样大的区域在今天坐飞机都要几个小时才能走完。

3 .You see, the native Americans made canoes of all types, for travelling on small streams or on large open ocean waters.

你们知道，美洲原住人做的木舟有多种类型，既有可以在小溪流中行进的又有可以在海中航行的。

4 .For small streams they made narrow, maneuverable boats, while, while larger canoes were needed for the ocean.

对于小的溪流他们会做一些窄的，操作自如的小船，而那些大船则用于航海。

5 .They could travel throughout the area, only occasionally having to portage, to carry the canoe over land of short distance, to another nearby stream.

他们在大部分区域内都可航行仅仅偶尔需要陆上运输，比如说把木舟带到另一条附近的溪流。

6 .And since the canoes were so light, this wasn't a difficult task.

由于木舟很轻，这并不是什么困难的事情。

1 .Now how do you think this affected their lives?

现在你们想想这些会怎样影响他们的生活。

1 .<-FEMALE STUDENT:->Well, if they could travel so easily over such a large area, they could trade with people from other areas which I guess would lead them to form alliances.

学生：嗯如果他们很轻易的就可以航行这么广阔的区域，那么这可以使他们和其他部落的人交易并且形成联盟？

1 .<-FEMALE PROFESSOR:->Exactly, having an efficient means of transportation, well that helped the iroquois to form a federation, linked by natual water ways.

教授：没错，有了如此便利的交通运输工具，这就使得他们可以通过自然航道形成联盟

2 .And this federation expanded from what's now southern Canada all the way south to Delaware River.

而这样的联盟从现在的加拿大南部扩展到达拉瓦河。

3 .And this efficiency of the birch bark canoe also made an impression on the newcomer to the area.

这样高效的桦树皮木舟同样给这个区域新来的人以深刻的影响。

4 .French traders in the 17th century modeled their... well, they adopted the design of the Iroquois birch bark canoes and they found they could travel great distances—more than 1500 kilometers a month.

17世纪的法国商人采取了Iroquois人的桦树皮木舟的设计，他们发现这样使得他们每月航行的距离超过了1500公里。

1 .Now besides the bark, native Americans also use the wood of the birch tree. Eh, the young trees were used to support for loggings, with the waterproof bark used as roofing.

除了树皮，美洲原住人还使用了桦树的木材用于盖房，用防水的树皮盖屋顶。

2 .Um branches were folded into snowshoes, and the native American people were all adept at [chuckle] running very fast over the snow in these birch branch snowshoes which if you've ever tried to walk in the snowshoes, you know it wasn't easy.

树枝被折叠后做成踏雪靴，美洲原住人穿上这些桦树树枝做的雪地鞋都可以非常娴熟的在雪上跑得很快，如果你曾尝试过穿上雪鞋在雪地上走，就会发现在雪上走并不是那么简单的事情。