原文已被隐藏，你可用 快捷键 - 或点击 显示原文 按钮来查看原文
第1段
1 .(male professor) As we begin discussing the music of 19th century Europe, we should first acknowledge that leading up to that century, there was a major shift in how music was produced.
该句暂无译文！
2 .Now, for most of the history of the arts in Europe, musicians and other artists had always worked in the patronage system.
该句暂无译文！
3 .Under the patronage system, musicians and artists were in the direct employ of someone wealthy enough to pay them. What we call a patron. A patron was generally either someone royal or someone of nobility.
该句暂无译文！
4 .All the arts had at one time been tied to the patronage system, but especially music, because music was so expensive to produce.
该句暂无译文！
5 .A musical performance required a lot of people, a lot of performers. And you had to purchase instruments and copy out sheet music by hand, it could really add up.
该句暂无译文！
6 .But by the 19th century, society had a new structure with important implications for music.
该句暂无译文！
7 .Because by then, you really have a more expanded middle class than ever before. People who are not actually, you know, wealthy enough to single handedly support a musician the way a patron would have.
该句暂无译文！
8 .But people who did have some money to support the arts and wanted to imitate the taste of the nobility by seeing performances or learning to play music themselves.
该句暂无译文！
9 .One sign of this change was that opera houses became widely successful. Anyone who could afford a ticket could attend.
该句暂无译文！
10 .And this was, in contrast to before when the patron, for example, would pay for a performance, just for themselves and their friends.
该句暂无译文！
11 .And it wasn\'t only opera. Public concerts of instrumental music increased as well.
该句暂无译文！
12 .And because so many people were becoming interested, not only in hearing music, but also playing it themselves.
该句暂无译文！
13 .There started to be widespread purchase of instruments like pianos and guitars.
该句暂无译文！
14 .A new, less expensive printing method meant that cheap sheet music could be produced to meet public demand.
该句暂无译文！
15 .And even music magazines were published, magazines containing things like reviews of musical performances, advertisements for musical events.
该句暂无译文！
16 .So, there were new ways for musicians to make money outside the patronage system.
该句暂无译文！
17 .Of course, for musicians, the downside of these changes had to do with job security.
该句暂无译文！
18 .Under patronage, musicians had a lot of job security. I mean, not only did an individual musician have job security, and basically life-long since musicians often lived in their patron’s household, but a musician’s family would have security, too.
该句暂无译文！
19 .You\'d often have sort of a legacy type training situation where musicians would pass their craft from parent to child.
该句暂无译文！
20 .In the 18th century, for example, Mozart was, without a doubt, a musical genius and incredibly gifted composer.
该句暂无译文！
21 .But he also became a musician thanks to the continuation of the family business. Mozart father was a composer and a musician for a royal court.
该句暂无译文！
22 .And that security is nice, of course, but well, if we take a very contemporary view of what it means to be an artist, it\'s also nice when someone can become a musician because they want to, because they\'re following their passion.
该句暂无译文！
23 .And with the decline of both patronage and legacy training, you start seeing more and more musicians who followed their own less secure paths.
该句暂无译文！
24 .There\'s this great story about the 19th century French composer, Hector Berlioz.
该句暂无译文！
25 .Berlioz’s family was absolutely set on him becoming a doctor like his father was and Berlioz did go to medical school, but the whole time he wanted to be a musician, a composer.
该句暂无译文！
26 .The story goes that at some point, and he wrote this in his memoirs, right in the middle of one of his medical classes, he couldn\'t take it anymore and he actually jumped out the classroom window and ran off to become a composer.
该句暂无译文！
27 .Another nice thing is that musicians now had more freedom to compose what they wanted instead of just what a patron wanted them to compose.
该句暂无译文！
28 .Patrons often had specific tastes. They wanted the music to fit certain expectations.
该句暂无译文！
29 .But when you take patrons out of the picture, then people like to check composer, Antonin Dvorak can become popular.
该句暂无译文！
30 .Dvorak’s works sometimes incorporate elements of folk music, the music of the people, folk rhythms and such. Now a wealthy patron might not have welcomed this.
该句暂无译文！
31 .So, under patronage, these pieces might never have seen the light of day, and almost certainly would not have been particularly successful or well received.
该句暂无译文！