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第1段
1 .<-NARRATOR:->Listen to part of a lecture in a United States literature class. The professor is discussing realism.
旁白：请听一段美国文学课上的讲座。教授在讨论现实主义文学。
第2段
1 .<-MALE PROFESSOR:->OK everyone, in our last class we finished up Romanticism, right?
教授：好的，大家听我说。我们上节课讲完了浪漫主义文学，对不对？
2 .So now let's look at something completely different.
所以现在我们来看看和浪漫主义文学完全不同的文学。
3 .Realism as a literary technique was most popular in U.S. literature from around 1860 till 1890.
现实主义手法作为一种文学手法，大约1860年到1890年的时候流行于美国。
4 .So it started pretty much around the time of the Civil War.
所以它大约是开始于南北战争的时期。
5 .And I think you'll see right away how it's different from Romanticism, or any other kind of literature.
我想你们马上就能明白它和浪漫主义及其他的文学流派有什么不同。
6 .It has a very specific point that makes it unique, and that is that it shows people as they are, and gets you to look at them, and also, you know, the things that need to be changed in a society.
现实主义文学有一个特别的特征使其非常独特，那就是它如实地描写人物，让你们了解他们的原貌，而且你们还可以知道社会上需要被改变的事情是什么。
7 .And it does it without being sentimental, not in that sort of overly emotional way, the way that Romantic literature can.
它不带感情色彩，不像浪漫主义文学那样，以那种过度情绪化的表达方式。
8 .Realism tells it like it is.
现实主义就是如实地描述事物。
第3段
1 .Let's look at society as a whole.
让我们结合社会全貌一起来看。
2 .In the late 1800s, people were interested in the scientific method, as well as rational philosophy—which, uh, says that people can discover the truth by using reason and factual analysis.
在十九世纪晚期，人们对于科学方法和理性哲学很感兴趣，也就是说，人们可以通过推理和分析事实来发现真相。
3 .So, reason and facts, OK.
理性和事实，就是这个。
4 .And at the same time that realism was becoming popular there were a lot of political and socioeconomic changes happening in the country.
同时现实主义文学就流行了起来，那时候社会上发生了大量的政治和社会经济的变化。
5 .There was, uh, increased literacy, plus the growth of industrialism and urbanization, growth in population from immigration, and a rise in middle-class affluence.
那时人们文化水平在提高，加之工业化和城市化的发展，还有人口因为移民而增长，以及中产阶级财富的增加。
6 .All these factors, combined with [hesitates] the importance of reason and facts, meant that readers were interested in really having a good understanding of all these uh,changes, the changes going on in society.
所有这些因素，再加上对理性与事实的重要性，意味着读者对于真正理解所有社会上的这些变化产生了兴趣。
7 .A scholar named Amy Kaplan says, and I'm just paraphrasing here, that realism is a way to understand and deal with social change.
一位名为艾米•卡普兰的文学爱好者说过，我这里只是转述一下，她说现实主义是一种了解和解决社会变化的方式。
第4段
1 .Which makes a lot of sense, I think.
这个观点我觉得很有道理。
2 .So, then, let's take a closer look at the tricks of the trade, at how realist writers did their work.
所以接下来，让我们仔细看看这个现实主义文学流派的技巧，以及现实主义的作家们是怎么完成他们的作品的。
3 .For one thing, as we said, they focus on— [somewhat sarcastic] big surprise—reality. And in great detail.
如我们刚才提到的一点是，他们着重于表达现实，从大量细节上表达现实。
4 .They aim for verisimilitude—should I write that on the board?
这以逼真为目标，需要我把这个词写黑板上吗？
5 .<-FEMALE STUDENTS & MALE STUDENTS:->[ um-hms of confirmation in background] Umm.
学生：要的！
第5段
1 .<-MALE PROFESSOR:->OK.Verisimilitude means, basically, to seem true or real.
教授：逼真基本上指的是真实和现实。
2 .Like, say, a photograph, rather than a painting, in a way.
就像是，从某种程度上说，是照片而不是画作。
3 .In fact, that's a good analogy.
实际上，这是一个很好的比喻。
4 .You see, writers tried to capture a moment in time, and all its basic facts, but without exaggeration, just like a camera does.
你们知道作者会尽力去及时捕捉一个时刻，以及这个时刻所有的基本事实，但是又不加以夸大，就像是照相机所做的那样。
5 .Anyway, the events, the things that happen in realist literature, are usually pretty much plausible, I mean, you figure they could probably happen to anyone.
无论如何，这一些事件，发生在现实主义文学中的这一些事情通常都是貌似可信的，我的意思是，你们会发现它们可能发生在任何人身上。
6 .And the characters are believable too, and actually, they're usually even more important than the plot.
那些人物角色也是可信的，实际上，人物角色比故事情节要重要。
7 .They're also uh... they talk the way that real people talk, authentic speaking styles from different regions... different parts of the country were captured in the text.
而且……他们像真实中的人一样说话，不同地区、不同国家的真实的讲话风格在小说中被体现。
8 .Does that make sense?...OK.
我讲明白了吗？
9 .So, besides verisimilitude, another important characteristic of realism is the narrator's objectivity.
所以，除了逼真性以外，现实主义的另一个特征是叙述者的客观性。
第6段
1 .Characters and events are described without the narrator's passing much judgment on them or anything, or being too dramatic.
叙述者在人物和事件的描述中，没有对他们或任何事物的评价，或者描述的过于戏剧化。
2 .Basically, you're reading a story without too much extra comment from the narrator.
基本上，你们是在阅读一个并没有太多叙述者评论的故事。
3 .OK. Now, we have an idea of what realism was.
好的，现在我们对于现实主义是什么有了一定了解了。
4 .So, who were the players?
那么现实主义的代表人物都有谁呢？
5 .Well, two important realist novelists were Rebecca Harding Davis and Mark Twain.
嗯，有两个重要的现实主义作家是丽贝卡•哈丁•戴维斯和马克•吐温。
6 .We'll talk more about other realists tomorrow, but for today let's just start by looking briefly at these two.
我们明天再讲别的现实主义作家，但是今天，我们就从简单看看这两位开始。
7 .Rebecca Harding Davis was an author and journalist who, like other realists, was concerned about all those social changes going on.
丽贝卡•哈丁•戴维斯是一位作家和新闻记者，就像其他的现实主义作者一样，她非常关心社会上正在发生的改变。
8 .She wrote mainly about some marginalized groups of the time, like women, Native Americans, uh, immigrants.
她主要是描写当时边缘群体，就像是女人，美国土著，啊，还有移民的事情。
9 .Now, her best-known book is a novella called Life in the Iron Mills.
她最出名的一部短篇小说叫做《铁磨坊的生活》。
10 .It's really a key text because it's one of the original realist works.
这部书很关键，因为她是现实主义文学的开山之作之一。
11 .Her works overall have been pretty much ignored for a long time, but some critics and scholars are starting to revisit them and study them more seriously, probably more for the historical aspects of the works, and... and I think that's great.
她的作品在很长一段时间里被世人所忽略，但是一些书评家和文学爱好者现在开始重新关注她的作品，更加严肃地研究它们，也许是因为她作品的历史的角度……我觉得这样很好。
12 .But if we're talking about great literature, literature that's read and enjoyed today... as something more than just a way of looking at that era, the era when it was written, well, a favorite of mine is Mark Twain.
但是如果我们开始谈论更加伟大的文学作品，现在被人们阅读和喜爱的作品，而不是作为了解现实主义盛行的时代的手段的话，呃，我最喜欢的作家之一是马克•吐温。
第7段
1 .I'm sure you've read or heard of his most famous book, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.
我确信你们已经读过或者听说过他最出名的书，《哈克贝芬历险记》。
2 .And Twain's style... it goes back to what I said earlier, verisimilitude, the realistic way characters act and talk.
马克•吐温的风格是，他回归了我刚才提到的逼真性，角色的行为和谈话都遵从现实主义特点。
3 .You should realize too that this was quite a contrast to earlier writers in the U.S. who tried to emulate British writers, tried to be very elegant—at the expense of realism.
你们也应该意识到，这与美国早期的文学作家形成鲜明的对比，他们试图模仿英国作家，试图变得非常优雅——以牺牲现实主义为代价。
4 .Y'know, a lot of critics will tell you that American literature began with that book—The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.
你们知道，很多书评家会告诉你们美国文学开始于这部作品，《哈克贝芬历险记》。