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This is Scientific American 60-Second Earth. I'm David Biello. Your minute begins now.

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As Charles Darwin knew, earthworms enrich the soil.

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But they also increase greenhouse gas emissions.

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That's according to a meta-analysis in the journal Nature Climate Change.

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Soil scientists and biologists reviewed 57 studies to see how earthworms affected the soil from a climate change perspective.

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The issue is substantive: nearly a fifth of global carbon dioxide emissions come from soil.

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And earthworms are on the move, spreading anew through North America for the first time in tens of thousands of years after being brought over by European colonists.

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All that soil digestion in the guts of worms means more CO2 and more nitrous oxide emanating from the dirt.

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The presence of earthworms increased N2O emissions by more than 40 percent.

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And laughing gas is also a potent greenhouse gas.

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Worms also upped soil CO2 emissions, though it remains unclear whether this is a short-term effect likely to be balanced out by all the carbon that earthworms bury over the longer term.

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But that doesn't mean that earthworms don't play an important part in the history of the world, just as Darwin suggested, especially as the climate changes.

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Your minute is up, for Scientific American 60-Second Earth. I'm David Biello,

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