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This is Scientific American 60-Second Science. I'm Sophie Bushwick. Got a minute?

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How do you define one kilogram?

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Easy: it's the exact mass of a metal cylinder called the International Prototype Kilogram, IPK for short, kept in controlled conditions in France.

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But the standard kilogram has gained weight since its creation in 1875.

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To trim it and its many replicas down to size, we need to clean them.

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The report is in the journal Metrologia.

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When scientists analyzed the surface of an IPK replica, they found it carried tens of additional micrograms.

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These changes are due to contaminants building up on the kilograms, despite their careful storage under glass.

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The additional mass is equal to just a few grains of sand.

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But the kilogram is such an essential unit that tiny changes to different replicas are important.

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To remove the contaminants, we need a standard and reproducible cleaning method.

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Researchers exposed one kilogram measure to ozone and ultraviolet light,

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which removed the carbon-based contamination without damaging the metal.

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But to permanently standardize the kilogram, we'll need to define it in terms of fundamental constants, not a lump of metal in a jar.

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Thanks for the minute, for Scientific American 60-Second Science. I'm Sophie Bushwick.

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