考满分 toefl

1 .<-NARRATOR:->Listen to a conversation between a student and a professor.

旁白：听下面一段学生和老师间的对话。

1 .<-MALE STUDENT:->Hi, Professor Anderson. That was a really interesting lecture in class today.

学生：你好，汉德森教授！今天你的课真的是太精彩了！

1 .<-FEMALE PROFESSOR:->Thanks, Tom.Yeah, animals' use of deception… ways they play tricks on other animals ... that's a fascinating area. One we're really just starting to understand.

教授：谢谢，汤姆。嗯，动物对欺骗的使用，以及他们如何欺骗别的动物，是一个很有趣的研究领域，而且我们也才刚刚起步。

1 .<-MALE STUDENT:->Yeah.You know, selective adaptations over time are one thing... oh, like uh, nonpoisonous butterflies that have come to look like poisonous ones...

学生：是的，一段时间内的选择性适应就是其中一个方面，譬如，嗯，无毒的蝴蝶，会在一段时间内，渐渐看上去跟有毒的类型一个样了。

2 .But the idea that animals of the same species intentionally deceive each other... I'd never heard that before.

但是，某些动物会刻意欺骗他们同类的这个想法，我之前从来没有听说过。

1 .<-FEMALE PROFESSOR:->Right, like . . .[thinking of another example] uh, like-there are male frogs who lower their voices and end up sounding bigger than they really are.

教授：好吧，我举一个例子，比如，雄性青蛙在鸣叫的时候，会降低鸣叫的音高，使得最终发出的声音比实际的要大。

1 .<-MALE STUDENT:->[uttered as a statement, not a question]So they do that to keep other frogs from invading their territory.

学生：这样的话，他们就能保卫自己的领地，使得别的青蛙不敢侵犯吗？

1 .<-FEMALE PROFESSOR:->Right. Bigger frogs have deeper voices, so if a smaller frog can imitate that deep voice,well...

教授：对的，个头越大的青蛙，鸣叫的声音音高也就越低，所以，如果小个儿的青蛙能够模仿这种叫声的话，嗯…

1 .<-MALE STUDENT:->Yeah, I can see how that might do the trick.

学生：好的，我能猜到他们是怎样做到的。

2 .But uh...anyway ... what I wanted to ask was, when you started talking about game theory, well, I know a little bit about it, but I'm not clear about its use in biology.

但是，我真正想知道的是，你提到过的博弈论，嗯，我虽然知道一点，但我不知道它在生物学上的应用。

1 .<-FEMALE PROFESSOR:->Yeah...it's fairly new to biology.

教授：是这样的，这个理论对于生物学还是非常新的。

2 .Basically, it uses math to predict what an individual will do under certain circumstances.

基本上说，它依靠数学计算来预计某个个体在某一种特定环境下的反应。

3 .For example- [brief pause, thinking of example]a business sells ... oh, computers, say.

比如说，做生意吧，比如买电脑。

4 .And they want to sell their computers to a big university. But there's another company bidding, too. So what should they do?

如果电脑商想要把电脑卖给一个规模大的大学，而另一个公司也在竞标。这样的话，他们会怎么做呢？

1 .<-MALE STUDENT:->[continuing the line of thought not venturing a guess]Well, try to offer the lowest price so they can compete, but still make money.

学生：嗯，在能够赚钱的前提下，相互竞争，给出尽量低的价格。

1 .<-FEMALE PROFESSOR:->Right, they're competing-like a game, like the frogs.

教授：答对了，他们会竞争，就像一场游戏一样，就像我们刚才讲的青蛙一样。

2 .There're risks with pricing too high, the other company might get the sale ... there's also the number and type of computers to consider.

如果给的标价太高，另一家公司就会拿下订单；而且，他们还要考虑出售电脑的数量和种类。

3 .Each company has to find a balance between the costs and benefits.

每家公司都要在成本和盈利之间争取平衡。

4 .Well, game theory creates mathematical models that analyze different conditions like these to predict outcomes.

而博弈论呢，可以帮助他们建立起数学模型，并以之分析不同条件下可能的结果会是怎样的。

1 .<-MALE STUDENT:->OK, I-I get that. But how does it apply to animals?

学生：好的，我懂了！但这个理论是怎样用在动物上的呢？

1 .<-FEMALE PROFESSOR:->Well...You know, if you're interested in this topic, it would be perfect for your term paper.

教授：嗯，如果你真的对这个东西感兴趣的话，它很适合作为你的学期论文题目。

1 .<-MALE STUDENT:->[Unenthusiastically] The literature review?

学生：您说的是哪个文献综述作业吗？

1 .<-FEMALE PROFESSOR:->Yeah. Find three journal articles about this . . . or another topic that interests you...and discuss them.

教授：是的，它要你找出三本不同杂志上相关的、令你感兴趣的观点，然后你对这些观点进行讨论。

2 .If there's a conflict in the conclusions or something...that'd be important to discuss.

如果三本杂志上的说法有冲突的话，那么这个矛盾的地方就有必要讨论了。

1 .<-MALE STUDENT:->[Pessimistic, doesn’t think he can do it]Well, from what I've looked at dealing with game theory... I can't say I understand much of the statistics end.

学生：嗯，从我现在知道的关于博弈论的文献来看的话，里面涉及的许多统计学结论我都不太明白。

1 .<-FEMALE PROFESSOR:->Well, I can point you to some that present fairly basic studies... that don't assume much background knowledge.

教授：嗯，我可以交给你一些非常简单的基础知识，不需要太多背景你就能懂的那种。

2 .You'll just need to answer a few specific questions... what was the researchers' hypothesis ... what did they want to find out.

你特别有必要搞清楚这样几个问题：研究者的假设是什么？他们想要得出什么样的结果？

3 .And how did they conduct their research... and then the conclusions they came to.

他们是怎么进行他们的研究的？他们得出了怎样的结论。

4 .Learning to interpret the statistics will come later.

之后才涉及到你如何解读那些统计数据的问题。